We are very grateful to Magdalena Ma ecka, D. Wade Hands, and Sheila C. Dow for their valuable comments on an earlier draft of this article. We also thank the feedback from an anonymous referee and the HET editorial board member Norikazu Takami. Some of the ideas of this article were presented at the 15th Biennial Conference of the International Network for Economic Method (INEM). This research is funded by the Academy of Finland (Mireles Flores, project No. 330524; Nagatsu, project No. 294545). We are equally responsible for the contents of this article.