“…Without attending private classes, they might not learn well or compete with private tutoring students. In addition, shadow education is apt to have become a disposition to detach the public education from its real purposes, that is, “education as education of the public, for the public, and accountable to the public” (p. 1) and thereby contributes to the set-up of a threat to the public education, seen through the lens of two erosions: inner erosion, referring to pressures of performance standards (e.g., examinations); and outer erosion, referring to “the forces of privatization, marketization, or commercialization” (Biesta, et al, 2021: 2). Simply put, when pressures of competitions and standards (e.g., examinations, school admissions) have become intense, shadow education is always there to temper such tensions.…”