Phonation types: a cross-linguistic overview

The phonetics of register in Takhian Thong Chong

“…These distinct phonation types lie along a continuum that is defined in terms of the aperture between the arytenoid cartilages where creak has the least aperture and breathiness the greatest (Ladefoged 1971, Gordon & Ladefoged 2001. While the aperture between the vocal folds is an important articulatory parameter, laryngeal tension and aerodynamic conditions are also relevant to the characterization of phonation type.…”

“…Research on phonation type has also found that there is an interaction between the degree of glottal aperture and pitch (Hombert 1978, Ladefoged & Maddieson 1985, Thongkum 1988, Gordon and Ladefoged 2001. The claim of these authors is that increased glottal tension causes pitch raising while decreased glottal tension causes pitch lowering.…”

“…Apart from pitch and spectral tilt, researchers have also found that nonmodal phonation types often have longer duration than modally-phonated vowels in a variety of languages, but not universally (Gordon & Ladefoged 2001). Corresponding with this pattern are languages which only permit nonmodal phonation to occur on stressed syllables, as in Quileute (Powell & Woodruff 1976) and Coatzospan Mixtec (Gerfen 1999).…”

Expressive speech: Production, perception and application to speech synthesis

“…Changes in spectral tilt (the degree to which intensity drops off as frequency increases [28],) indicate changes in voice quality and can be quantified by comparing the amplitude levels of the first harmonic (H1) and first formant (F 1 ) or H1 and the second harmonic (H2) (e.g., [29,30]). Schroeder [3] determined spectral slope by ''splitting the spectrum in third-octave bands and fitting a line to their respective energies'' (p. 109) as an indication of harshness or softness.…”

Aplicaciones clínicas del análisis acústico de la voz

“…El sonograma, muestra la evolución temporal de la caracterización espectral en forma bidimensional 13 . El plano de proyección es el de frecuencia expresada en herzios (eje vertical), el tiempo medido en segundos (eje horizontal) 13,18 y la amplitud es representada por la densidad del trazado (eje lateral) 1,23 .…”