Phonological Characteristics of Late-Talkers through Phonological Whole-Word Analysis

Objectives: Children with cleft palate (CP) and late talking children show delays in early lexical and phonological development. This study aims to compare the phonological characteristics of early vocabulary among children with CP, late talking children, and typically developing children. Methods: The participants were 20 children with cleft palate, 20 late talking children, and 20 typically developing children. Spontaneous speech samples obtained during interaction were phonetically transcribed. Comparisons among the three groups were performed based on number of different words (NDW), consonant inventory, consonant frequencies, ratio of the initial sounds of eojoel by types, and percentage of correct initial consonants of eojeols. Results: Children with CP showed greater NDW than late talking children. Late talking children and children with CP produced significantly fewer consonants than typically developing children. Children with CP showed limited consonant inventory, which was restricted to nasals. The ratio of eojoel beginning with stops was higher in late talking children than in children with CP, but the ratio of eojoel beginning with nasals was higher in children with CP than in late talking children. Late talking children, as compared to children with CP, had a higher percentage of correct initial consonants of eojeols. Conclusion: The results suggest that late talking children have a more limited vocabulary than children with CP and have delayed phonological development compared to their typically developing peers, however the accuracy of consonants is higher in late talking children than children with CP. These findings have implications for specialized intervention approaches for children with CP and late talking children.

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Phonological Characteristics of Early Vocabulary among Children with Cleft Palate, Late Talking Children, and Typically Developing Children

Pi¹,

Ha²

2017

Articulatory Variability in 24- to 36-Month-Old Typically Developing Children

Kim¹,

Ha²

2016

Objectives:This study aims to investigate the articulatory variability of word and phoneme production on spontaneous utterance samples in typically developing children age 24 to 36 months. Methods: Speech samples were collected from 11 children age 24 to 30 months and 11 children age 31 to 36 months. Word variability, phoneme variability, percentage of consonants correct (PCC), and consonant inventory were measured. Eojeol was a basic unit for analysis of word variability. Both correct articulations and error productions were included for the variability analysis. Statistical analyses were conducted to investigate whether word and phoneme variability measures were different between the two age groups and if there were relationships between articulatory variability measures and PCC and consonant inventory. Results: For the children age 24 to 30 months, 51.55% of Eojeols which were produced more than twice showed variable productions and 69% of consonants in the consonant inventory showed variability. For children age 31 to 36 months, word variability and phoneme variability were 36.45% and 52.45%, respectively. Both variability measures showed significantly negative correlation with PCC and consonant inventory. Conclusion: This study suggests that 2-year-old children show progressively stable and consistent articulation patterns along with phonological acquisition. The results of this study have implications for evaluating the degree of articulatory variability in children who have inconsistent phonological disorders or childhood apraxia of speech.이 시기에 변이성이 나타나는 것은 자음이나 낱말 구 조와 같은 음운체계 요소들이 아직 완성되지 못했기 때문이라고 하였다. Dyson과 Paden (1983)은 2세 아동의 음운 습득 전략에 대 한 종단연구에서 18개월에서 36개월 사이의 아동은 성인의 모델에 최대한 도달하기 위해 극심한 변이성을 나타내는 연령대라고 보고 하였다. 또한 Sosa와 Stoel-Gammon (2006)도 1-2세 아동을 대상 으로 종단연구를 실시하였는데 낱말조합이 일어나는 시기에 변이 성이 정점에 달했다고 보고하였다. 전반적으로 많은 연구에서 초기 음운발달 시기인 2세 무렵에 조음 측면에서 높은 변이성이 나타났 다고 하였다. 아동의 조음 변이성을 객관적으로 측정하기 위해 여러 연구자들 이 검사도구와 다양한 측정방법을 제안하였다. 먼저 단어 변이성 측정에 대한 연구로 Dodd, Zhu, Crosbie, Holm 그리고 Ozanne (2002)은 조음음운 진단평가(Diagnostic Evaluation of Articulation and Phonology, DEAP)라는 표준화된 검사도구를 개발하면 서 하위 검사항목으로 비일관성 평가를 포함시켰고 비일관성에 대 한 규준 자료를 제시하였다. 측정방법으로 구조화된 25개의 그림 에 대한 이름대기 과제를 사용하여, 아동의 변이성 산출비율을 구 하였다. Ingram (2002)은 조음 변이성의 측정방법으로 단어 단위 변이성 비율(proportion of whole-word variation, PWV)을 제안하 였는데, 단어당 서로 다른 음운 형태로 산출된 단어의 유형수를 해 당 단어가 산출된 수로 나누어 측정한다. 예를 들어 세 번 산출된 단어의 형태가 모두 동일하면 PWV는 0 (0/3)이 되고 세 번 모두 다 른 형태로 산출되었다면 PWV는 1 (3/3)이 된다. 따라서 수치가 높 을수록 단어를 다양한 음운 형태로 산출함을 의미한다. Betz와 Stoel-Gammon (2005)은 목표단어의 오류 횟수에 대한 오류유형 의 변이성을 측정할 수 있는 조음오류 변이성(overall consistency of error types) 공식을 제안하였다. Ingram (2002)의 PWV는 목표 단어의 정조음과 조음오류를 포함한 전반적인 조음 변이성을 나타 내는 측정치이고 Betz와 Stoel-Gammon (2005)의 조음오류 변이 성은 목표단어의 조음오류만을 포함시킨 측정치이다. 음소 변이성 측정에 대한 연구를 살펴보면, Tyler, Lewis 그리고 Welch (2003)는 음소의 오류 일관성을 측정하기 위해 23개의 음소에서 대치되어 산출된 서로 다른 음소의 총 수를 계산하는 오류 일관성 지수(Error Consistency Index, ECI)를 제시하였다. Isermann (2001)은 단 어 내 음소 위치에서 비일관적 오류 비율로 비일관적인 오류가 나 타난 음소의 총 수를 목표 음소의 총 수로 나누어 계산하는 S IC Total (percent inconsistently correct out of total...

Phonological Characteristics of 4- to 5-Year-Old Children in Nonword Repetition under Different Phonetic Complexity

Kim¹,

Lee²,

Han³

et al. 2017

Self Cite

This paper is based on the master's thesis of the first author. Objectives: This study investigated whole-word phonological characteristics and articulation error types through nonword repetition under different phonetic complexity to examine the effect of phonetic complexity on phonological characteristics and articulation error frequencies. Methods: Forty-five typically developing children aged 4-5 participated as subjects and were divided into three group: early 4 years old, late 4 years old, and early 5 years old. A repetition task using 50 nonwords was performed with the respective groups to investigate inter-and intra-group differences in whole-word analysis indexes and frequencies of articulation error by type according to phonetic complexity scores (low/high). Results: Significant differences were found in the whole-word analysis indexes between age groups and phonetic complexity. The interaction effects of phonetic complexity and age group were also significant. Significant differences were found between the early 4 years old and late 4 years old, and between early 4 years old and early 5 years old. Differences between late 4 years old and early 5 years old were significant in word correctness, whereas a difference among age groups was not found in word variability of nonwords with low phonetic complexity. Frequency of articulation error by type was higher for nonwords with high phonetic complexity. Articulation error by type occurred most frequently among the early 4 years old. As for articulation error by type, substitution occurred most frequently, followed by omission and addition. Conclusion: Results supported the previous studies suggesting that articulation error frequency is higher for nonwords with high phonetic complexity, and thus indicated the necessity for word selection allowing for phonetic complexity when conducting clinical phonological assessment and intervention.