Phonological process decline from 2 to 8 years

Speech characteristics of 8-year-old children: Findings from a prospective population study

“…While normative data on single word production for children of this age are available (Chirlian & Sharpley, 1982;Craig, Thompson, Washington & Potter, 2003;Haynes & Moran, 1989;Kilminster & Laird, 1978;McLeod & Arciuli, 2009;Roberts, Burchinal & Footo, 1990;Smit, Hand, Freilinger, Bernthal & Bird, 1990), to date there have been no studies which have provided population data for older children across different sample types. Moreover, studies of PSD have typically used small clinical samples rather than reference to a normative dataset.…”

Hear here: Children with hearing loss learn words by listening

“…Phonological processes are mostly typical in a child's speech, remediating spontaneously at different ages depending on the type of process. Some phonological processes do not occur frequently in typically developing speech and their frequent occurrence may indicate disordered speech development [66]. S1's use of phonological processes did not reach clinical relevance throughout her participation.…”

Polysyllable productions in preschool children with speech sound disorders: Error categories and the Framework of Polysyllable Maturity

“…To date, there is no agreed upon criterion for determining what is and is not a problem when reporting the frequency of occurrence of an error for preschool children with SSD (Kirk & Vigeland, 2015). For instance, in studies which report the presence of phonological processes in children with typically developing speech and language, speech errors have been considered "present" based on: one instance of the use of a phonological process (Hodson & Paden, 1981), at least five instances of a process (Dodd et al, 2003), or on 20% of opportunities to use the process (Haelsig & Madison, 1986;Roberts, Burchinal & Footo, 1990). In a recent study by James, Ferguson and Butcher (2016) with typically developing children aged 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-and 7-years, a phonological process was considered to be in use at each year age if: (1) 20% of the children produced the process and (2) the median percent process occurrence was greater than 5%.…”