Phonopheresis Associated with Nanoparticle Gel from Phyllanthus amarus Relieves Pain by Reducing Oxidative Stress and Proinflammatory Markers in Adults with Knee Osteoarthritis

Healthcare and Scientific Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis

“…At the same time, Teymouri et al [41] found that the bioactive ingredients of herbal gels have obvious healing effects on knee pain, stiffness, and mobility, such as hemp oil, quercetin, Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & onn, and Guilu Erxian Glue [40,[42][43][44].…”

Potential plants for inflammatory dysfunction in the SARS-CoV-2 infection

“…In summary, it is essential to understand that free radicals are the downstream product of the cytokine storm, causing direct damage to cells and many organs (Willis et al 1994 ). Therefore, the present study found that South American plants showed inhibitory potential against some free radicals, such as TBARS (Miranda-Vilela et al 2009 ) ( C. brasiliense ), ROS (Inoue et al 2008 ) ( M. dubia ), NO (Decha et al 2019 ; Davis et al 2020 ) ( P. amarus and T. cacao ), 8-OHdG (Inoue et al 2008 ; Kaspar et al 2011 ) ( M. dubia and S. tuberosum ), as well as dROM (Kitada et al 2017 ) ( P. edulis ). On the other hand, natural antioxidant substances play a preventive role in protecting against the production of free radicals and are, therefore, a therapeutic agent to reduce the conditions triggered by oxidative stress, e.g.…”

“…Among the major anti-inflammatory mechanisms involved in clinical studies with selected plants, the following stand out: decrease in CRP levels (Rondanelli et al 2020 ; Viecili et al 2014 ; Somanah et al 2012 ; Miranda-Vilela et al 2009 ; Kim et al 2018 ; Panza et al 2019 ; Talsma et al 2016 ; Inoue et al 2008 ; Kitada et al 2017 ; Kaspar et al 2011 ; Solà et al 2012 ; Stote et al 2012 ; Monagas et al 2009 ); cytokines and pro-inflammatory markers such as: IL-6 (Buchwald-Werner et al 2018 ; Stockler-Pinto et al 2014 ; Colpo et al 2014 ; Santamarina et al 2020 ; Panza et al 2019 ; Kitada et al 2017 ; Li et al 2013 ; Alayón et al 2019 ; Manzoni et al 2017 ; Kaspar et al 2011 ; Stote et al 2012 ; Davis et al 2020 ), TNF-α (Stockler-Pinto et al 2014 ; Colpo et al 2014 ; Santamarina et al 2020 ; Kim et al 2018 ; Panza et al 2019 ; George et al 2019 ; Decha et al 2019 ; Piscoya et al 2001 ), IFN-γ (Colpo et al 2014 ; Kim et al 2018 ; George et al 2019 ), IL-1 (Colpo et al 2014 ; Davis et al 2020 ), IL-8 (Inoue et al 2008 ), IL-18 (Davis et al 2020 ), MCP-1 (Santamarina et al 2020 ), ICAM-1 (Monagas et al 2009 ); increased cytokine level and anti-inflammatory modulator IL-10 (Colpo et al 2014 ; Santamarina et al 2020 ; Manzoni et al 2017 ) and FGF-19 (Jokioja et al 2020 ); inhibition of NF-κB pathway (Li et al 2013 ); decreased oxidative markers (TBARS, ROS, NO, 8-OHdG, dROM) (Miranda-Vilela et al 2009 ; Inoue et al 2008 ; Gomes et al 2021 ; Kitada et al 2017 ; Decha et al 2019 ; Davis et al…”

“…In blood and tissue samples of SARS-CoV-2 patients, the presence of TNF-α molecules was observed (Wang et al 2020b ). B. excelsa (Stockler-Pinto et al 2014 ; Colpo et al 2014 ), E. edulis (Santamarina et al 2020 ), E. oleracea (Kim et al 2018 ), I. paraguariensis (Panza et al 2019 ), P. amarus (George et al 2019 ; Decha et al 2019 ), U. guianensis (Piscoya et al 2001 ) are plants with inhibitory activity against TNF-α. B. excelsa (Colpo et al 2014 ) and T. cacao (Davis et al 2020 ) decreased IL-1β levels, which are released from cells undergoing pyroptosis (an inflammatory form of programmed cell death observed in infections with cytopathic viruses, such as CoVs) and are high in serum and bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF) of patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection.…”

“…& Thonn. — Phyllanthaceae (Amazon) Standardized ethanol extract of P. amarus leaves (PHYLLPRO™), ten days daily oral supplementation of 750 mg/day followed by intoxication In 15 subjects (21–50 years old) after alcohol intoxication, PHYLLPRO decreased Inflammatory cytokine levels, TNF-α (Placebo: 5.30 ± 1.16; treatment: 5.16 ± 1.68 pg/mL), IFN-γ (Placebo: 6.18 ± 2.32; treatment: 5.78 ± 1.9 pg/mL) and Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (Placebo: 62.12 ± 37.67; treatment: 54.89 ± 29.34 pg/mL) Randomized Controlled Trial (George et al 2019 ) P. amarus Treatment group received P. amarus (15 cases) from pharmacologist preparation, once daily for 10 sessions, by ultrasound therapy In 30 subjects with mild-to-moderate degree of OA, decreased TNF-α levels (pg/mL) (Control: 65; P. amarus : 55), Nitric oxide (NO) (nmol/µL) (Control: 110; P. amarus : 90) besides increased levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) (inhibitory rate%) (Control: 40; P. amarus : 65), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC (nmol/µL) (Control: 4.5; P. amarus : 6.5), significantly reducing anti-inflammatory effects in OA patients Randomized, double-blind, placebo-control, parallel-group, clinical trial (Decha et al 2019 ) Phyllanthus niruri L. — Phyllanthaceae (Amazon) Nigella sativa L. and P. niruri extract (NSPN extract) capsules containing 360 mg N . sativa and 50 mg P. niruri extracts, were orally administered 3 times, 1 capsule daily for 7 days With 186 patients analyzed, NSPN reduced pharyngitis score (mean) (Placebo: 3.6; NSPN: 3.5), sore throat pain intensity scale (STPIS) (mean) (Placebo: 71.84; NSPN: 70.73), pain rating (%) (Placebo: 64; NSPN: 60), change in difficulty in swallowing scale (CDSS) (%) (Placebo: 48; NSPN: 37), showing a significantly greater proportion of patients in the NSPN group than in the placebo group had their sore throat completely relieved Comparative, parallel, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (Dirjomuljono et al 2008 ) Plukenetia volubilis L. — Euphorbiaceae (Peru) 15 mL of commercial oil seeds of P. volubilis (998 cal, 65% from fats—SFA 30%, MUFA 20%, PUFA 15%).…”