Phosgene: toxicology, animal models, and medical countermeasures

Hobson, Stephen; Richieri, Richard A.; Parseghian, Missag H.

doi:10.1080/15376516.2021.1885544

Cited by 30 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…Nevertheless, almost none of these treatments have been implemented clinically ( 5 , 68 , 69 ). Following initial phosgene-mediated lung damage, inflammatory cells rapidly enter the lungs, which may aggravate lung damage ( 70 ). Therefore, many guidelines suggest that glucocorticoids should be administered as an indispensable anti-inflammatory treatment.…”

Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosgene-Induced acute lung injury: Approaches for mechanism-based treatment strategies

2022

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Phosgene (COCl2) gas is a chemical intermediate of high-volume production with numerous industrial applications worldwide. Due to its high toxicity, accidental exposure to phosgene leads to various chemical injuries, primarily resulting in chemical-induced lung injury due to inhalation. Initially, the illness is mild and presents as coughing, chest tightness, and wheezing; however, within a few hours, symptoms progress to chronic respiratory depression, refractory pulmonary edema, dyspnea, and hypoxemia, which may contribute to acute respiratory distress syndrome or even death in severe cases. Despite rapid advances in medicine, effective treatments for phosgene-inhaled poisoning are lacking. Elucidating the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of acute inhalation toxicity caused by phosgene is necessary for the development of appropriate therapeutics. In this review, we discuss extant literature on relevant mechanisms and therapeutic strategies to highlight novel ideas for the treatment of phosgene-induced acute lung injury.

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Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosgene-Induced acute lung injury: Approaches for mechanism-based treatment strategies

2022

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Section: Fv-hsp72mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HSP72 has been used as a cytoprotective agent to treat lung injury [103]. Hobson et al suggested that HSP72 exhibits great potential in P-ALI as a novel therapeutic agent [104]. In addition to inhibiting the ATP-dependent/independent apoptotic pathway, HSP72 can also directly bind to and prevent NF-κB from entering the nucleus to reduce the expression of NOS-2 and apoptosis induced by oxidative stress [105,106].…”

Section: Fv-hsp72mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanism of Phosgene-Induced Acute Lung Injury and Treatment Strategy

Huang

Meng

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Phosgene (COCl2) was once used as a classic suffocation poison and currently plays an essential role in industrial production. Due to its high toxicity, the problem of poisoning caused by leakage during production, storage, and use cannot be ignored. Phosgene mainly acts on the lungs, causing long-lasting respiratory depression, refractory pulmonary edema, and other related lung injuries, which may cause acute respiratory distress syndrome or even death in severe cases. Due to the high mortality, poor prognosis, and frequent sequelae, targeted therapies for phosgene exposure are needed. However, there is currently no specific antidote for phosgene poisoning. This paper reviews the literature on the mechanism and treatment strategies to explore new ideas for the treatment of phosgene poisoning.

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“…In 2021, Patrick Vossnacker's team searched for new synthesis methods of phosgene [10] ; however, it is found susceptible to hydrolysis, which generates chlorine free radicals that have a destructive chain reaction with the ozone layer (Cl + O3 → ClO + O, ClO + O3 → Cl + 2O2) [11] . At present, the research on phosgene mainly includes phosgene toxicity [12,13] , treatment methods after phosgene poisoning [14,15] , and more on the detection methods of phosgene [16][17][18] . Scholars have neglected the harm caused by phosgene when in use; therefore, the problem of phosgene degradation needs to be solved urgently.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectral Characteristic of Phosgene in External Electric Field

Xiang

Abulimiti

et al. 2022

JERA

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Phosgene is highly toxic, and it plays a role in the depletion of the ozone layer. The ground state geometric structure and spectral characteristic of phosgene in various external electric fields were calculated via the density-functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density-functional theory (TDDFT) with the B3LYP/6-31+G(d) basis set. With external electric field, the structure of phosgene changed significantly. With increasing electric field, the bond lengths of 1C-3Cl and 1C-4Cl increased; the total energy and energy gap initially increased and then decreased, whereas the dipole moment initially decreased and then increased. Most of the IR vibrational frequencies were redshifted. The wavelength of the singlet excited state increased, reflecting a red shift, and the oscillator strengths of most transitions belonged to forbidden transitions. These results are of great significance for studying the dissociation of phosgene in external electric field.

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Phosgene: toxicology, animal models, and medical countermeasures

Cited by 30 publications

References 87 publications

Phosgene-Induced acute lung injury: Approaches for mechanism-based treatment strategies

Phosgene-Induced acute lung injury: Approaches for mechanism-based treatment strategies

Mechanism of Phosgene-Induced Acute Lung Injury and Treatment Strategy

Spectral Characteristic of Phosgene in External Electric Field

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