Phosphate-containing cell wall polymers of bacilli

Потехина, Н. В.; Streshinskaya, Galina M.; Tul’skaya, E. M.; Kozlova, Yu. I.; Senchenkova, Sof’ya N.; Шашков, А. С.

doi:10.1134/s0006297911070042

Cited by 19 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Lactobacillus plantarum has the ability to switch backbone composition (21). Furthermore, single strains of S. aureus and B. coagulans have been found to contain polymers with distinct repeats expressed simultaneously, but at different levels (102; 128). WTA structural variations may represent adaptations to different environments.…”

Section: Wall Teichoic Acid Backbone Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Wall Teichoic Acids of Gram-Positive Bacteria

Brown

Maria

Walker

2013

Annu. Rev. Microbiol.

783

833

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The peptidoglycan layers of many gram-positive bacteria are densely functionalized with anionic glycopolymers called wall teichoic acids (WTAs). These polymers play crucial roles in cell shape determination, regulation of cell division, and other fundamental aspects of gram-positive bacterial physiology. Additionally, WTAs are important in pathogenesis and play key roles in antibiotic resistance. We provide an overview of WTA structure and biosynthesis, review recent studies on the biological roles of these polymers, and highlight remaining questions. We also discuss prospects for exploiting WTA biosynthesis as a target for new therapies to overcome resistant infections.

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Section: Wall Teichoic Acid Backbone Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Wall Teichoic Acids of Gram-Positive Bacteria

Brown

Maria

Walker

2013

Annu. Rev. Microbiol.

783

833

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“…and Bacillus spp . contain 30 to 40 layers of murein associated with covalently bound polymers derived from teichoic acid (TA, an anionic phosphate‐rich polymer, accounting for 50% to 60% of the cell wall weight), lipoteichoic acid (LTA, a macroamphiphile polyglycerol‐phosphate polymer derived from TA), teichuronic acid (a polysaccharide consisting of d ‐glucose and N ‐acetyl‐ d ‐mannosaminuronic acid), and other “non classical” polysaccharides (Jafarei and Tajabadi ; Potekhina and others ). Two important features of TA that contribute to cell adhesion, biofilm production, and immunoreactivity are the branching of TA from the cell wall and beyond and the presence of d ‐alanine residues; both contribute to the cell wall polarization, TA binding capacity, electromechanical properties, and the resistance to antimicrobial cationic peptides (Neuhaus and Braddiley ).…”

Section: Cell Adhesion and Functional Group Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, TA is quite diverse in its structure and abundance, depending on the strain, rate of growth, pH of the medium, carbon source, and availability of phosphate ions (Jafarei and Tajabadi ). For example, in BC (AHU 1638) the main linkage oligomer is Glc(β1→4)GlcNAc, and TA is conjugated to poly(galactosyl(1→2)glycerol phosphate) (Potekhina and others ), while other polyglycerol‐phosphate derivates of LTA are more prominent in B. bifidum and L. rhamnosus ATCC 7469. In L. lactis , the distribution of d ‐alanyl esters correlates with the random distribution of α‐ d ‐galactopyranosyl residues of LTA (Neuhaus and Braddiley ).…”

Section: Cell Adhesion and Functional Group Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Stability and Viability of Microencapsulated Probiotic Bacteria: A Review

Corona-Hernandez¹,

́Álvarez-Parrilla²,

Lizardi‐Mendoza

et al. 2013

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

191

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Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer a number of health benefits when consumed in adequate amounts, mostly due to improvement of intestinal microflora. Bacterial strains from the genera Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Bacillus have been widely studied and are used to prepare ready-to-eat foods. However, the physicochemical stability and bioavailability of these bacteria have represented a challenge for many years, particularly in nonrefrigerated foodstuffs. Microencapsulation (ME) helps to improve the survival of these bacteria because it protects them from harsh conditions, such as high temperature, pH, or salinity, during the preparation of a final food product and its gastrointestinal passage. The most common coating materials used in the ME of probiotics are ionic polysaccharides, microbial exopolysaccharides, and milk proteins, which exhibit different physicochemical features as well as mucoadhesion. Structurally, the survival of improved bacteria depends on the quantity and strength of the functional groups located in the bacterial cell walls, coating materials, and cross-linkers. However, studies addressing the role of these interacting groups and the resulting metabolic impacts are still scarce. The fate of new probiotic-based products for the 21st century depends on the correct selection of the bacterial strain, coating material, preparation technique, and food vehicle, which are all briefly reviewed in this article.

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“…In contrast, Gram-positive bacteria lack an OM, but possess a thick PGN layer that is interweaved by polyanionic glycopolymers, the teichoic acids, which were discovered by Baddiley and coworkers 60 years ago (2–4). Teichoic acids can be very variable in composition and structure, although they mostly feature glycerol-phosphate, ribitol-phosphate, or sugar phosphate repeating units connected through phosphodiester bonds (5–8). These phosphodiester-polymers are either covalently bound to the PGN and called wall teichoic acids (WTA) or linked to membrane glycolipids, anchored in the cell membrane and named lipoteichoic acids (LTA) (4,9,10).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphoglycerol-type wall- and lipoteichoic acids are enantiomeric polymers differentially cleaved by the stereospecific glycerophosphodiesterase GlpQ

Walter

Unsleber

Rismondo

et al. 2020

Preprint

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27The cell envelope of Gram-positive bacteria generally comprises two types of polyanionic polymers, either 28 linked to peptidoglycan, wall teichoic acids (WTA), or to membrane glycolipids, lipoteichoic acids (LTA). 29In some bacteria, including Bacillus subtilis strain 168, WTA and LTA both are glycerolphosphate 30 polymers, yet are synthesized by different pathways and have distinct, although not entirely understood 31 morphogenetic functions during cell elongation and division. We show here that the exo-lytic sn-glycerol-32 3-phosphodiesterase GlpQ can discriminate between B. subtilis WTA and LTA polymers. GlpQ 33 completely degrades WTA, lacking modifications at the glycerol residues, by sequentially removing 34 2 glycerolphosphates from the free end of the polymer up to the peptidoglycan linker. In contrast, GlpQ is 35 unable to cleave unmodified LTA. LTA can only be hydrolyzed by GlpQ when the polymer is partially 36 pre-cleaved, thereby allowing GlpQ to get access to the end of the polymer that is usually protected by a 37 connection to the lipid anchor. This indicates that WTA and LTA are enantiomeric polymers: WTA is 38 made of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate and LTA is made of sn-glycerol-1-phosphate. Differences in 39 stereochemistry between WTA and LTA were assumed based on differences in biosynthesis precursors 40 and chemical degradation products, but so far had not been demonstrated directly by differential, 41 enantioselective cleavage of isolated polymers. The discriminative stereochemistry impacts the dissimilar 42 physiological and immunogenic properties of WTA and LTA and enables independent degradation of the 43 polymers, while appearing in the same location; e.g. under phosphate limitation, B. subtilis 168 specifically 44 hydrolyzes WTA and synthesizes phosphate-free teichuronic acids in exchange. 45 46 65 phosphate-depleted conditions (13)(14)(15). Under these conditions, teichoic acids are exchanged with 66 phosphate-free teichuronic acids to cope with this stress, which is an adaptation process known as the 67 "teichoic acid-to-teichuronic acid switch". LTA is more widespread in bacteria than WTA and the 68 3 composition is less dependent on growth conditions (16). Commonly, LTA contain polyol-phosphate 69 chains (Type I LTA) that are anchored in the cytoplasmic membrane via glycolipids; in the case of B. 70 subtilis, a gentibiosyl disaccharide (glucose-β-1,6-glucose) glycosidically bound to diacylglycerol (10). 71Although differences in the chemical composition, route of biosynthesis, as well as roles in cell growth 72 and morphogenesis have been identified between WTA and LTA, their physiological functions are still 73 insufficiently understood (4,17-19). Inactivation of both LTA and WTA is lethal in B. subtilis, indicating 74 partially redundant functions, nevertheless comparison of the individual mutants suggested that they have 75 distinct roles during cell elongation (WTA) and division (LTA) (18). Further proposed functions of teichoic 76 acids include control of cell wall targeting enzyme...

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Phosphate-containing cell wall polymers of bacilli

Cited by 19 publications

References 42 publications

Wall Teichoic Acids of Gram-Positive Bacteria

Wall Teichoic Acids of Gram-Positive Bacteria

Structural Stability and Viability of Microencapsulated Probiotic Bacteria: A Review

Phosphoglycerol-type wall- and lipoteichoic acids are enantiomeric polymers differentially cleaved by the stereospecific glycerophosphodiesterase GlpQ

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