Phosphate group requirement for mitogenic activation of lymphocytes by an extracellular phosphopolysaccharide from Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus

Kitazawa, Haruki; Harata, Toko; Uemura, Junko; Saito, Tadao; Kaneko, Tsutomu; Itoh, Takatoshi

doi:10.1016/s0168-1605(98)00030-0

Cited by 190 publications

(123 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…EPSs produced by LAB have received increasing attention mainly because of their health benefits. Immune stimulation, antimutagenicity, and antitumor activity of fermented dairy products prepared with EPS-producing LAB or EPSs themselves have been investigated (Chabot et al, 2001;Kitazawa et al, 1998;Sreekmar and Hosono, 1998;Tsuda et al, 2008b). However, studies of applications using EPSs produced by LAB as prebiotics are limited.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of Exopolysaccharide by Lactobacillus plantarum and the Prebiotic Activity of the Exopolysaccharide

Tsuda

Miyamoto

2010

FSTR

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Characteristics of an exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by a mutant strain of Lactobacillus plantarum, strain 301102S, including yield from whey, monosaccharide analysis, and prebiotic activity, were investigated. The EPS production in whey was higher at 25℃ than at 30 and 37℃. The supplementation with yeast extract and glucose in whey gave a high EPS yield of 145 mg/L, and the EPS contained glucose and mannose (molar ratio, 1:2). Prebiotic activities of galactooligosaccharide, inulin and the EPS with 37 lactic acid bacteria strains were investigated, and prebiotic activity of the EPS was high with the parent strain. This suggests that the EPS produced in whey by the mutant strain is easier utilized by strain 301102 than the other strains, and the EPS produced by this strain is capable for use as a prebiotic.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of Exopolysaccharide by Lactobacillus plantarum and the Prebiotic Activity of the Exopolysaccharide

Tsuda

Miyamoto

2010

FSTR

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Section: Exopolysaccharidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, this is supported further by evidence at the cellular level, as murine macrophages challenged with various EPSs (isolated from strains of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria) demonstrate augmented release of both pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-a, IL-6 and IL-10 (Chabot et al, 2001;Bleau et al, 2010;Wu et al, 2010). The mitogenic activity of EPSs isolated from strains of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria is also well characterized, with studies showing the promotion of human, murine, porcine and bovine macrophage proliferation (Kitazawa et al, 1998;Chabot et al, 2001;Wu et al, 2010).With a large number of EPS-producing bacteria naturally residing in the intestine, it is surprising that very little research has been undertaken into the interaction of EPSs with the intestinal epithelial layer itself. Previous studies have investigated the potential of EPSs as antiproliferative or anticytoxic agents with intestinal epithelial cells (Ruas-Madiedo et al, 2010;Liu et al, 2011), but, the immunomodulatory effects of EPSs on these cells has largely been neglected in the literature.…”

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confidence: 99%

Exploring the immunomodulatory potential of microbial-associated molecular patterns derived from the enteric bacterial microbiota

Patten

Collett

2013

Microbiology

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The human intestinal lumen represents one of the most densely populated microbial niches in the biological world and, as a result, the intestinal innate immune system exists in a constant state of stimulation. A key component in the innate defence system is the intestinal epithelial layer, which acts not only as a physical barrier, but also as an immune sensor. The expression of pattern recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors, in epithelial cells allows innate recognition of a wide range of highly conserved bacterial moieties, termed microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), from both pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria. To date, studies of epithelial immunity have largely concentrated on inflammatory pathogenic antigens; however, this review discusses the major types of MAMPs likely to be produced by the enteric bacterial microbiota and, using data from in vitro studies, animal model systems and clinical observations, speculates on their immunomodulatory potential. IntroductionThe intestine represents the body's largest mucosal surface, with the adult human intestine estimated to cover an area of about 250 m 2 (Artis, 2008). The highly folded luminal surface of the intestinal wall significantly increases absorption efficiency and, as such, is the largest surface area of the body exposed to the environment and its high microbial load (DeSesso & Jacobson, 2001). Humans have co-evolved with indigenous microbial populations, termed microbiota, which inhabit various niches of the body (Hooper et al., 2012) and the adult intestine is one of the most densely populated microbial habitations in the biological world (Artis, 2008). The enteric microbiota predominantly consists of bacteria, with estimated populations of~10 14 bacteria, with up to 500 species represented (Gill et al., 2006;Guarner & Malagelada, 2003); however, methanogenic archaea, eukaryotes (yeasts) and viruses (mainly bacteriophages) are also present (Lozupone et al., 2012). Due to the vast expanse of intestinal tissue exposed to the microbiota, the local innate immune system is in a constant state of stimulation, and a chronic, low-level proinflammatory response is characteristic of enteric immune homeostasis (Macpherson & Harris, 2004;Artis, 2008).The intestinal epithelium plays an active role in innate immunity, and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are utilized to detect the presence of bacteria and their associated antigens. PRRs are germline-encoded, sensory molecules which recognize a range of highly conserved bacterial motifs, termed 'pathogen-associated molecular patterns' (PAMPs) (Medzhitov, 2001). However, the ability of PRRs to recognize these bacterial moieties is not limited to just pathogens, and so the term 'microbial-associated molecular patterns' (MAMPs) may be more accurate (Medzhitov, 2001; Sanderson & Walker, 2007) and will be used throughout this review. Epithelium-associated, enteric immune cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, T-cells and B-cells, differentially express two major groups of PRRs, th...

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“…Examples of PAMP include cellular components such as zymosan and DNA motifs, which have been shown to activate TLR2 and TLR9 signaling pathways, respectively [46]. In previous studies, we showed that the PAMP from lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (e.g., cell wall components, extracellular phosphopolysaccharide, and CpG or non-CpG DNA motifs) have immunostimulatory activities, including augmentation of mitogenic activity, up-regulation of costimulatory molecule expression, and induction of cytokine production [17,23,24,35,45]. Furthermore, in recent studies, we revealed that immunobiotic LAB and their CpG or non-CpG DNA motifs are recognized by TLR2 and TLR9, respectively, and we also confirmed that NF-κB is activated in TLR2-or TLR9-expressing transfectants [37][38][39]47].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toll-like receptor 2 and 9 are expressed and functional in gut-associated lymphoid tissues of presuckling newborn swine

et al. 2006

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-To clarify the crucial role of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR9 in immature gutassociated lymphoid tissues (GALT), we focused on the expression of TLR2 and TLR9 and the immune responses induced by their ligands in the GALT of presuckling newborn swine. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that TLR2 and TLR9 mRNA were expressed at detectable levels in all tested tissues (heart, thymus, lung, spleen, liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ileal Peyer patches (Pps), and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN)). In particular, in immature intestinal tissues and GALT, TLR2 and TLR9 mRNA were expressed at higher levels in ileal Pps and MLN than in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. We confirmed that the TLR2 and TLR9 proteins were also highly expressed and that their ligands were preferentially recognized by TLR2-or TLR9-expressing cells in the MLN and ileal Pps. Zymosan, CpG2006, and lactic acid bacteria could promote mitogenesis and production of multiple cytokines by the MLN and ileal Pps. In addition, double immunostaining for cytokeratin 18 and either TLR2 or TLR9 revealed that both TLR2 and TLR9 are strongly expressed in the columnar membranous (M) cells. Interestingly, while the apical membrane of the columnar M cells strongly expressed TLR2 protein and preferentially recognized zymosan, both "TLR2 expression on the apical membrane" and "TLR2-mediated zymosan binding" were negligible in neighboring enterocytes. These results indicate that TLR2 and TLR9 allow MLN and ileal Pps to respond to a variety of bacterial components immediately after birth, thereby providing newborns with a host defense system. Toll-like receptor 2 / Toll-like receptor 9 / membranous cells / gut-associated lymphoid tissues / newborn swine

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Phosphate group requirement for mitogenic activation of lymphocytes by an extracellular phosphopolysaccharide from Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus

Cited by 190 publications

References 18 publications

Production of Exopolysaccharide by Lactobacillus plantarum and the Prebiotic Activity of the Exopolysaccharide

Production of Exopolysaccharide by Lactobacillus plantarum and the Prebiotic Activity of the Exopolysaccharide

Exploring the immunomodulatory potential of microbial-associated molecular patterns derived from the enteric bacterial microbiota

Toll-like receptor 2 and 9 are expressed and functional in gut-associated lymphoid tissues of presuckling newborn swine

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