Phosphatidylglycerol and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol: anionic membrane lipids and phosphate regulation

Frentzen, Margrit

doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2004.03.001

Cited by 140 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Cyanobacteria mutants with impaired SQDG synthesis are severely affected in growth only under Pilimiting conditions, suggesting that sulfolipids can replace phospholipids to maintain membrane functionality and integrity (18). In plants it has been shown that not only sulfolipids but also galactolipids increase after Pi deprivation (8,19). Previous analysis of Pi-deprived WT Arabidopsis seedlings showed an increase in the relative amount of SQDG and a concomitant decrease in phosphatidylglycerol (19).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phospholipase DZ2 plays an important role in extraplastidic galactolipid biosynthesis and phosphate recycling in Arabidopsis roots

Cruz‐Ramírez¹,

Oropeza-Aburto²,

Razo-Hernández³

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

245

232

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Low phosphate (Pi) availability is one of the major constraints for plant productivity in natural and agricultural ecosystems. Plants have evolved a myriad of developmental and biochemical mechanisms to increase internal Pi uptake and utilization efficiency. One important biochemical pathway leading to an increase in internal Pi availability is the hydrolysis of phospholipids. Hydrolyzed phospholipids are replaced by nonphosphorus lipids such as galactolipids and sulfolipids, which help to maintain the functionality and structure of membrane systems. Here we report that a member of the Arabidopsis phospholipase D gene family (PLDZ2) is gradually induced upon Pi starvation in both shoots and roots. From lipid content analysis we show that an Arabidopsis pldz2 mutant is defective in the hydrolysis of phospholipids and has a reduced capacity to accumulate galactolipids under limiting Pi conditions. Morphological analysis of the pldz2 root system shows a premature change in root architecture in response to Pi starvation. These results show that PLDZ2 is involved in the eukaryotic galactolipid biosynthesis pathway, specifically in hydrolyzing phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine to produce diacylglycerol for digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthesis and free Pi to sustain other Pi-requiring processes.phosphate starvation ͉ phospholipids ͉ root architecture ͉ sulfolipids P hosphate (Pi) influences virtually all developmental and biochemical processes in plants. Pi is not only a constituent of key cell molecules such as ATP, nucleic acids, and phospholipids, but it is also a pivotal metabolic regulator of many processes including energy transfer, protein activation, and carbon and nitrogen metabolism. However, Pi availability can be one of the major constraints for plant growth in both natural and agricultural ecosystems because of its low mobility and high absorption capacity in the soil. As a response to this limitation, plants have evolved a range of developmental, biochemical, and symbiotic adaptive strategies to cope with low Pi availability (1, 2). In Arabidopsis, a general, 3-fold strategy to cope with low Pi availability has been described. (i) The release and uptake of Pi from external sources that are not readily available for plant uptake. This mechanism includes the transcriptional activation of high-affinity Pi transporters and the excretion of RNases, acid phosphatases, and organic acids (3-5). (ii) Changes in the architecture of the root system that reflect alterations in cell length, root meristem activity, root hair elongation, and an increased number of lateral roots (6, 7). These changes presumably increase the exploratory capacity of the root and the absorptive surface area. (iii) Optimization of Pi utilization due to a wide range of metabolic alterations, and the mobilization of Pi from internal reserves by the hydrolysis of nucleic acids, proteins, and the recycling of Pi from membrane phospholipids.During Pi deprivation, the total content of diverse phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholin...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phospholipase DZ2 plays an important role in extraplastidic galactolipid biosynthesis and phosphate recycling in Arabidopsis roots

Cruz‐Ramírez¹,

Oropeza-Aburto²,

Razo-Hernández³

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

245

232

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“…Interestingly, a Synechococcus mutant impaired in SQDG synthesis becomes starved for phosphate sooner than the wild-type strain. This suggests that while maintaining the essential anionic composition of the photosynthetic membranes, the change in lipid composition allows some phosphate to be used for other cellular functions (Frentzen, 2004).…”

Section: Acclimation To Phosphorus Limitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acclimation of unicellular cyanobacteria to macronutrient deficiency: emergence of a complex network of cellular responses

2005

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Cyanobacteria are equipped with numerous mechanisms that allow them to survive under conditions of nutrient starvation, some of which are unique to these organisms. This review surveys the molecular mechanisms underlying acclimation responses to nitrogen and phosphorus deprivation, with an emphasis on non-diazotrophic freshwater cyanobacteria. As documented for other micro-organisms, nutrient limitation of cyanobacteria elicits both general and specific responses. The general responses occur under any starvation condition and are the result of the stresses imposed by arrested anabolism. In contrast, the specific responses are acclimation processes that occur as a result of limitation for a particular nutrient; they lead to modification of metabolic and physiological routes to compensate for the restriction. First, the general acclimation processes are discussed, with an emphasis on modifications of the photosynthetic apparatus. The molecular mechanisms underlying specific responses to phosphorus and nitrogen-limitation are then outlined, and finally the cross-talk between pathways modulating specific and general responses is described.

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“…The most abundant classes are the neutral lipids monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) and the anionic lipids sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQGD) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG; Frentzen, 2004;Shimojima et al, 2010;Mizusawa and Wada, 2012). Stress, nutrient deprivation, or changing environmental conditions cause changes in lipid composition, leading to effects on photosynthetic yield and efficiency (Li et al, 2012;Philipps et al, 2012).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Regulation of Photosynthetic Structure and Function during Nitrogen Deprivation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Deshpande²,

et al. 2014

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The accumulation of carbon storage compounds by many unicellular algae after nutrient deprivation occurs despite declines in their photosynthetic apparatus. To understand the regulation and roles of photosynthesis during this potentially bioenergetically valuable process, we analyzed photosynthetic structure and function after nitrogen deprivation in the model alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolite, and lipid profiling and microscopic time course data were combined with multiple measures of photosynthetic function. Levels of transcripts and proteins of photosystems I and II and most antenna genes fell with differing trajectories; thylakoid membrane lipid levels decreased, while their proportions remained similar and thylakoid membrane organization appeared to be preserved. Cellular chlorophyll (Chl) content decreased more than 2-fold within 24 h, and we conclude from transcript protein and 13 C labeling rates that Chl synthesis was down-regulated both pre-and posttranslationally and that Chl levels fell because of a rapid cessation in synthesis and dilution by cellular growth rather than because of degradation. Photosynthetically driven oxygen production and the efficiency of photosystem II as well as P700 + reduction and electrochromic shift kinetics all decreased over the time course, without evidence of substantial energy overflow. The results also indicate that linear electron flow fell approximately 15% more than cyclic flow over the first 24 h. Comparing Calvin-Benson cycle transcript and enzyme levels with changes in photosynthetic 13 CO 2 incorporation rates also pointed to a coordinated multilevel down-regulation of photosynthetic fluxes during starch synthesis before the induction of high triacylglycerol accumulation rates.

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Phosphatidylglycerol and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol: anionic membrane lipids and phosphate regulation

Cited by 140 publications

References 52 publications

Phospholipase DZ2 plays an important role in extraplastidic galactolipid biosynthesis and phosphate recycling in Arabidopsis roots

Phospholipase DZ2 plays an important role in extraplastidic galactolipid biosynthesis and phosphate recycling in Arabidopsis roots

Acclimation of unicellular cyanobacteria to macronutrient deficiency: emergence of a complex network of cellular responses

The Regulation of Photosynthetic Structure and Function during Nitrogen Deprivation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

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