Phosphatidylserine in Diabetes Research

Abstract

Phospholipids are lipids that constitute the basic structure of cell membranes. In-depth research has shown that in addition to supporting cell structures, phospholipids participate in multiple cellular processes, including promoting cell signal transduction, guiding protein translocation, activating enzymatic activity, and eliminating dysfunctional/redundant organelles/cells. Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease with a complicated etiology and pathology. Studies have shown that the level of certain phospholipids, for example, the ratio of phosphatidylcholine (PC) to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in liver tissue, is negatively associated with insulin sensitivity. In addition, PS is a phospholipid exhibiting extensive cellular functions in diabetes. For this review, we analyzed many PS studies focusing on diabetes and insulin sensitivity in recent years and found that PS participates in controlling insulin secretion, regulating insulin signaling transduction, and participating in the progression of diabetic complications by mediating coagulation disorders in the microvasculature or targeting mitochondria. Moreover, PS supplements in food and PS-containing liposomes have been shown to protect against type 1 and type 2 diabetes (T1D and T2D, respectively) in animal studies. Therefore, by summarizing the regulatory roles played by PS in diabetes and the potential of successfully using PS or PS-containing liposomes for diabetic therapy, we hope to provide new ideas for further research into the mechanisms of diabetes and for drug development for treating diabetes and its complications.

Phospholipids, the Masters in the Shadows during Healing after Acute Myocardial Infarction

“…Besides the role of PS in cardioprotection [132,133], PS has a strong anti-inflammatory activity, reducing neutrophil activation [132]. PS is known to have a significant role in protection against diabetes, an important risk factor for myocardial infarction, by not only controlling insulin secretion, signaling and transduction but also mediating coagulation disorders in the microvasculature or targeting mitochondria [134]. A study overexpressing phosphatidylserine-specific phospholipase A1 was shown to reduce inflammation by inhibiting the phosphorylation of MAPKs such as p38, ERK and JNK, resulting in decreased TNF-α, IL-1β and NO secretion in M1 macrophages [135].…”

“…A study overexpressing phosphatidylserine-specific phospholipase A1 was shown to reduce inflammation by inhibiting the phosphorylation of MAPKs such as p38, ERK and JNK, resulting in decreased TNF-α, IL-1β and NO secretion in M1 macrophages [135]. The administration of PS-containing liposomes has been revealed to protect against type 1 and type 2 diabetes in animal studies [134] and to also modulate the monocyte phenotype [136]. Furthermore, PS are prone to oxidation processes.…”

“…Animal study [134] Anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting phosphorylation of MAPKs RAW264.7 macrophages culture [135] PS-containing liposomes Protects against type 1 and type 2 diabetes Animal study [134] Modulate the monocyte phenotype Mouse, rat and human cellular models, mouse, rat and pig myocardial I/R models, mouse and rat MI models, human studies [136] OxPS Inhibits macrophage production of NO and IL-1β transcription RAW264.7 macrophage culture [137] Table 2. Cont.…”

Advanced Delivery Strategies for Immunotherapy in Type I Diabetes Mellitus

“…For instance, the overexpression of phospholipids (PS) on the cell membrane can lead to the progression of diabetic microvascular complications, such as diabetic kidney disease and diabetic retinopathy. Liposome coating helps PS to be efficiently taken up by the DCs with an improved immune response rate to induce immune tolerance while reducing systemic adverse effects caused by off-target effects [ 130 ]. Some scaffold materials have been reported to help recruit Tregs to induce T-cell tolerance in islet grafts.…”

Non-coding RNAs in lung cancer: molecular mechanisms and clinical applications

“…They participate in the regulation of various biological processes, including transcription, development, and immunity, by altering specific gene expression (18)(19)(20). Therefore, their dysregulation is closely correlated with various diseases, such as brain disease, diabetes, and cancer (21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27) NcRNA dysregulation has been reported to contribute to almost all aspects of LC development, including apoptosis, cell cycle, metastasis, and autophagy, as well as cell stemness (28-31). However, investigations of LC-related ncRNAs are still lacking.…”