Systematic assessment of tyrosine kinase-substrate relationships is fundamental to a better understanding of cellular signaling and its profound alterations in human diseases such as cancer. In human cells, complex signaling networks, feedback loops, conditional activity and intra-kinase redundancy combine to confound systematic attempts to address this topic. We leveraged the model organism S. cerevisiae to individually express human non-receptor tyrosine kinases (NRTKs) and exploited the full yeast proteome as an in vivo model substrate. For 16 NRTKs, we recorded 3,279 kinase-substrate relationships involving 1,351 yeast pY-sites. From this data we generated a set of new linear kinase motifs and assigned ~1,300 known human pY-sites to specific NRTKs. Furthermore, experimentally defined pY-sites for each individual kinase were shown to cluster within the yeast interactome network irrespective of linear motif information. We therefore applied a network inference approach to predict kinase-substrate relationships for more than 3,500 human proteins, marking a substantial step forward in our understanding of kinase biology.. Corwin et al., revised3 7/25/2017 3