Phospholipase C (AoPLC2) regulates mycelial development, trap morphogenesis, and pathogenicity of the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora

Abstract

Aims: Phospholipase C (PLC) is a hydrolase involved in signal transduction in eukaryotic cells. This study aimed to understand the function of PLC in the nematodetrapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. Methods and Results:Orthologous PLC (AoPLC2) of A. oligospora was functionally analysed using gene disruption and multi-phenotypic analysis. Disrupting Aoplc2 caused a deformation of partial hyphal cells (about 10%) and conidia (about 50%), decreased the number of nuclei in both conidia and hyphal cells, and increased the accumulation of lipid droplets. Meanwhile, the sporulation-related genes fluG and abaA were downregulated in ΔAoplc2 mutants than in the wild-type strain.Moreover, ΔAoplc2 mutants were more sensitive to osmotic stressors. Importantly, the number of traps, electron-dense bodies in traps, and nematicidal activity of ΔAoplc2 mutants were reduced, and the shape of the traps was deformed. In addition, AoPLC2 was involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in A. oligospora. Conclusions: AoPLC2 plays an important role in the development of hyphae, spores, and cell nuclei, responses to stress, formation of traps, and predation of nematodes in A. oligospora. Significance and Impact of study: This study reveals the various functions of phospholipase C and elucidates the regulation of trap morphogenesis in nematodetrapping fungi.

Peroxin Pex14/17 Is Required for Trap Formation, and Plays Pleiotropic Roles in Mycelial Development, Stress Response, and Secondary Metabolism in Arthrobotrys oligospora

“…For liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis, the methanol solution was filtered through a 0.22-μm membrane filter. Analysis was performed using the Thermo Fisher Scientific Dionex Ultimate 3000 UHPLC system and a Thermo Fisher high-resolution Q precision focusing mass spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific) ( 30 , 65 , 66 ). Subsequently, the Compound Discoverer 3.3 software package was used to perform metabolite deconvolutions and identifications ( 66 , 67 ).…”

AoSsk1, a Response Regulator Required for Mycelial Growth and Development, Stress Responses, Trap Formation, and the Secondary Metabolism in Arthrobotrys oligospora

“…The crude extract was dissolved in 500 µL of analytic-grade methanol, and the solution was filtered through a 0.22 μm membrane filter. Triplicates of each group were used for subsequent liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) using the Thermo Fisher Scientific Dionex Ultimate 3000 UHPLC system and a Thermo Fisher high-resolution Q precision focusing mass spectrometer (Thermo Fisher, Bremen, Germany), as described previously [ 23 , 40 ]. Compound Discoverer 3.0 software (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) was used for non-targeted metabolomics analysis.…”

Recent Advances in Life History Transition with Nematode-Trapping Fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora and Its Application in Sustainable Agriculture

“…Latg1 and latg13 , atg1 , atg4 , and atg5 are related to autophagy in A. oligospora . In addition, mutations in latg13 , atg1 , atg4 , and atg5 led to the loss of ability for trap formation in A. oligospora [ 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 ]. Besides autophagy, some cellular processes affect the formation of traps in A. oligospora , such as woronin body synthesis [ 81 ], RNA interference [ 82 ], glycerol biosynthesis [ 83 ], production of reactive oxygen species [ 84 ], F-box protein synthesis [ 85 ], nitrate assimilation pathway [ 86 ], pH-sensing receptor protein synthesis [ 87 ], velvet family protein synthesis [ 88 ], scaffold protein synthesis [ 89 ], lectin synthesis [ 90 ], actin synthesis [ 91 ], and malate synthase [ 92 ].…”