Phosphorene nanoribbons for next-generation energy devices

Macdonald, Thomas J.; Clancy, Adam J.; Shutt, Rebecca R C; Howard, Christopher A.

doi:10.1016/j.joule.2022.09.010

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…54 This charge mobility of AsPNRs is expected to be one of its key properties, particularly under low bias, providing a roomtemperature conducting analogue to the semiconducting PNRs. 2,36 To confirm the utility of AsPNRs' p-type hole mobility, a space-charge-limited-current (SCLC) hole-only device was assembled with our previously optimized configuration of indium tin oxide (ITO)/poly-3,4-ethyl-enedioxythiophene polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS)/ AsPNR/Au, alongside an AsPNR-free control device (ITO/ PEDOT:PSS/PTAA/Au). The mobilities were extracted from the high voltage linear region using eq 2, where ε is the relative permittivity (3 for organic films) and d is film thickness.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nanoribbon analogues of many nanomaterials are now well developed including graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), − and MXenes . Several PNR syntheses have been developed, including lithography of phosphorene sheets and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) which gives wide, many-layer PNRs; future improvements to CVD syntheses may build on the developments in epitaxial CVD of TMD nanoribbons. − The smallest width PNRs to date, i.e., with the most significant lateral confinement and deviation from 2D phosphorene-like properties, were synthesized through the lithium electride reduction (Li/NH 3( l ) ) of bP, or rapid electrochemical sodium intercalation . The electrochemical sodium intercalation route forms ribbons by degrading bP preferentially down the bP corrugation axis, with the residual nondegraded material consisting of PNRs encased in bulk metal phosphides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Production of Magnetic Arsenic–Phosphorus Alloy Nanoribbons with Small Band Gaps and High Hole Conductivities

Zhang

Shutt

et al. 2023

J. Am. Chem. Soc.

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Quasi-1D nanoribbons provide a unique route to diversifying the properties of their parent 2D nanomaterial, introducing lateral quantum confinement and an abundance of edge sites. Here, a new family of nanomaterials is opened with the creation of arsenic−phosphorus alloy nanoribbons (AsPNRs). By ionically etching the layered crystal black arsenic−phosphorus using lithium electride followed by dissolution in amidic solvents, solutions of AsPNRs are formed. The ribbons are typically fewlayered, several micrometers long with widths tens of nanometers across, and both highly flexible and crystalline. The AsPNRs are highly electrically conducting above 130 K due to their small band gap (ca. 0.035 eV), paramagnetic in nature, and have high hole mobilities, as measured with the first generation of AsP devices, directly highlighting their properties and utility in electronic devices such as near-infrared detectors, quantum computing, and charge carrier layers in solar cells.

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Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of Magnetic Arsenic–Phosphorus Alloy Nanoribbons with Small Band Gaps and High Hole Conductivities

Zhang

Shutt

et al. 2023

J. Am. Chem. Soc.

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“…[ 200 ] Given this was the first evidence of how the intrinsic properties of PNRs were beneficial to optoelectronic applications, their employment in Sn‐halide PSCs and beyond opens up further research avenues. [ 201 ] Other potential avenues which are yet to be applied in Sn‐halide PSCs to improve stability, are bilayer electrode evaporation [ 202 ] or carbon based top contacts. [ 203 ] Metal top contacts such as Ag are known to react with halides from the perovskite layers that diffuse to form AgI, which effects the overall stability of the device.…”

Section: Perspectives and Outlookmentioning

confidence: 99%

Engineering Stable Lead‐Free Tin Halide Perovskite Solar Cells: Lessons from Materials Chemistry

et al. 2023

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demonstrating a lower dependence on fossil fuels. Although crystalline silicon (c-Si) is still the market front runner for PV due to its ideal bandgap for single-junction solar cells, c-Si does not have a readily tunable bandgap. This makes c-Si less suited for indoor PV or multijunction solar cells, which require alternative bandgaps to operate at their peak. In just over a decade of research, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as an alternative PV technology which have tuneable bandgaps, low fabrication costs, solution processability, compliancy with flexible materials, long electron-hole diffusion length, and high charge carrier mobility. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] The perovskite absorber layer is based on the ABX 3 crystal structure made up of organic/inorganic monovalent cations (A), a divalent cation (B) and one or more halides (X) as shown in Figure 1a. [10] Since the first publication on PSCs in 2009, the power conversion efficiencies (PCE) have gone from 3.8% to 25.7 %, making PSCs the fastest growing PV technology to date. [11][12][13] Despite their promise, toxic heavy metal element Pb (in the structure's B-site) is still required to achieve highly competitive efficiencies, [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] which is a major obstacle in the field that is yet to be overcome. In contact with moisture and/or light + oxygen lead halide perovskites can easily decompose into watersoluble compounds of lead, [24][25][26][27][28] which then inevitably accumulate within the food chain and therefore have the potential to ingress into the human body. [29] While several low toxicity metal halide alternatives to Pb have been proposed, [30][31][32][33][34][35] the favorable physical and optical properties of Sn make it the most promising substitute. [29,36] The first demonstration of Sn-halide PSCs was in 2014, where Hao et al. and Noel et al. reported 5.7% and 6.4% PCE respectively using methylammonium tin halides as the absorber layers (MAS-nIBr 2 and MASnI 3 , respectively). [30,31] At present, the highest performing Sn-halide PSCs show PCEs of over 14%; Yu et al. reported certified 14.03%-efficient 2D/3D perovskite solar cells, [37] while Jiang et al. achieved a certified PCE of 14.6% via a novel film fabrication route based on SnI 2 adducts (further details will be provided below). [38] To date, most of the progress with Sn-halide perovskites has been made using formamidinium tin iodide (FASnI 3 , see Figure 1b) and closely related recipes. [39][40][41][42][43] The favored use of the FA cation can be attributed to the higher formation energies of Sn vacancies in FASnI 3 and thus a lower hole density in comparison to MASnI 3 . [44] In comparison to their Pb-based counterparts, Sn-halide perovskites Substituting toxic lead with tin (Sn) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is the most promising route toward the development of high-efficiency lead-free devices. Despite the encouraging efficiencies of Sn-PSCs, they are still yet to surpass 15% and suffer detrimental oxidation of Sn(II) to Sn(IV). Since their...

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“…44 This charge mobility of AsPNRs is expected to be one of its key properties, particularly under low bias, providing a room-temperature conducting analogue to the semiconducting PNRs. 2,29 To confirm the utility of AsPNRs' ptype hole mobility, a space-charge-limited-current (SCLC) hole-only device was assembled with our previously optimised configuration of indium tin oxide (ITO)/poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS)/AsPNR/Au, alongside an AsPNR-free control device (ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PTAA/Au). The mobilities were extracted from the high voltage linear region using Eq 2, where ε is the relative permittivity (3 for organic films) and d is film thickness.…”

Section: S3mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several PNR syntheses have been developed, 29 but the smallest width ribbons, i.e. with the most significant lateral confinement and deviation from 2D phosphorene-like properties, was accomplished through the lithium electride reduction (Li/NH3(l)) of bP, 28 or rapid electrochemical sodium intercalation 30 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of Magnetic Arsenic-Phosphorus Alloy Nanoribbons with Small Band Gaps and High Hole Conductivities

Zhang

Shutt

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Quasi-1D nanoribbons provide a unique route to diversifying the properties of their parent 2D nanomaterial, introducing lateral quantum confinement and an abundance of edge sites. Here, a new family of nanomaterials is opened with the creation of arsenic-phosphorus alloy nanoribbons (AsPNRs). By ionically scissoring the layered crystal black arsenic-phosphorus using lithium electride followed by dissolution in amidic solvents, solutions of AsPNRs are formed. The ribbons are typically few-layered, several microns long with widths tens of nanometers across, and both highly flexible and crystalline. The AsPNRs are highly electrically conducting above 130 K due to their small band gap (ca. 0.035 eV), paramagnetic, and have high hole mobilities, as measured with the first generation of AsP devices, directly highlighting their properties and utility in electronic devices

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Phosphorene nanoribbons for next-generation energy devices

Cited by 6 publications

References 14 publications

Production of Magnetic Arsenic–Phosphorus Alloy Nanoribbons with Small Band Gaps and High Hole Conductivities

Production of Magnetic Arsenic–Phosphorus Alloy Nanoribbons with Small Band Gaps and High Hole Conductivities

Engineering Stable Lead‐Free Tin Halide Perovskite Solar Cells: Lessons from Materials Chemistry

Production of Magnetic Arsenic-Phosphorus Alloy Nanoribbons with Small Band Gaps and High Hole Conductivities

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