Phosphoric acid doped triazole-containing cross-linked polymer electrolytes with enhanced stability for high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Jang, Joseph; Kim, Do-Hyung; Ahn, Min‐Kyoon; Min, Cheong‐Min; Lee, Su-Bin; Byun, Juyi; Pak, Chanho; Lee, Jae‐Suk

doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117508

Cited by 62 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…Side group/chain engineering approaches (e.g., grafting, branching, and crosslinking) have been developed to improve the performance of PEM. Currently, various acid-doping agents, including sulfuric acid, PA, and nitric acid, can provide a unique conductivity and outstanding thermal stability at increased temperatures [65,66]. PBI doped with PA is the most attractive and successful membrane material for application in HT -PEMFCs because of its high conductivity and thermal stability without any humidity condition requirements, leading to the significant simplification of a water management system [45,[67][68][69][70].…”

Section: Materials For High-temperature Pemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural architectures of polymer proton exchange membranes suitable for high-temperature fuel cell applications

2021

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High-temperature proton exchange membrane (HT-PEM) fuel cells offer more advantages than low-temperature PEM fuel cells. The ideal characteristics of HT-PEMs are high conductivities, low-humidity operation conditions, adequate mechanical properties, and competitive costs. Various molecular moieties, such as benzimidazole, benzothiazole, imide, and ether ether ketone, have been introduced to polymer chain backbones to satisfy the application requirements for HT-PEMs. The most common sulfonated polymers based on the main chain backbones have been employed to improve the rties. Side group/chain engineering, includ crosslinking, has been widely applied to HT-PEMs to further improve their proton conductivity, thermal stability, and mechanical properties. Currently, phosphoric acid-doped polybenzimidazole is the most successful polymer material for application in HT-PEMs. The compositing/blending modification methods of polymers are effective in obtaining high PA-doping levels and superior mechanical properties. In this review, the current progress of various membrane materials used for HT-PEMs is summarized. The synthesis and performance characteristics of polymers containing specific moieties in the chain backbones applied to HT-PEMs are discussed systemically. Various modification approaches and their deficiencies associated with HT-PEMs are analyzed and clarified. Prospects and future challenges are also presented.

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Section: Materials For High-temperature Pemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural architectures of polymer proton exchange membranes suitable for high-temperature fuel cell applications

2021

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“…The primary materials for PEMFCs and HTPEM FCs are polybenzimidazole (PBI) [ 5 , 6 ], poly(arylene ether sulfone)s (PES)s [ 7 ], poly(arylene thioether)s (PAT)s [ 8 ], poly(arylene ether ketone)s (PAEK)s [ 9 ], etc. Working in a temperature range of 160 to 180 °C, these materials have shown their best performance with power density values reaching 780 mW/cm 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Analysis of Micro-Scale Deformation and Fracture of Carbonized Elastomer-Based Composites by In Situ SEM

et al. 2021

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Carbonized elastomer-based composites (CECs) possess a number of attractive features in terms of thermomechanical and electromechanical performance, durability in aggressive media and facile net-shape formability, but their relatively low ductility and strength limit their suitability for structural engineering applications. Prospective applications such as structural elements of micro-electro-mechanical systems MEMS can be envisaged since smaller principal dimensions reduce the susceptibility of components to residual stress accumulation during carbonization and to brittle fracture in general. We report the results of in situ in-SEM study of microdeformation and fracture behavior of CECs based on nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) elastomeric matrices filled with carbon and silicon carbide. Nanostructured carbon composite materials were manufactured via compounding of elastomeric substance with carbon and SiC fillers using mixing rolling mill, vulcanization, and low-temperature carbonization. Double-edge notched tensile (DENT) specimens of vulcanized and carbonized elastomeric composites were subjected to in situ tensile testing in the chamber of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) Tescan Vega 3 using a Deben microtest 1 kN tensile stage. The series of acquired SEM images were analyzed by means of digital image correlation (DIC) using Ncorr open-source software to map the spatial distribution of strain. These maps were correlated with finite element modeling (FEM) simulations to refine the values of elastic moduli. Moreover, the elastic moduli were derived from unloading curve nanoindentation hardness measurements carried out using a NanoScan-4D tester and interpreted using the Oliver–Pharr method. Carbonization causes a significant increase of elastic moduli from 0.86 ± 0.07 GPa to 14.12 ± 1.20 GPa for the composite with graphite and carbon black fillers. Nanoindentation measurements yield somewhat lower values, namely, 0.25 ± 0.02 GPa and 9.83 ± 1.10 GPa before and after carbonization, respectively. The analysis of fractography images suggests that crack initiation, growth and propagation may occur both at the notch stress concentrator or relatively far from the notch. Possible causes of such response are discussed, namely, (1) residual stresses introduced by processing; (2) shape and size of fillers; and (3) the emanation and accumulation of gases in composites during carbonization.

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“…[15,16] Typically, PEMFCs are expected to operate at high temperatures and low humidities to overcome the problems associated with low electrochemical reaction rates, catalyst poisoning, and complex water management systems. [11,[17][18][19] However, dehydration at high temperatures and low humidities results in dramatically decreased proton conductivity and poor fuel cell performance. Thus, there is a necessity to enhance the water-retention ability of PEMs at low relative humidity (RH).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1,11,15,18,20] Hygroscopic materials can hydrate PEMs by capturing the moisture in feed gases and retaining the water generated in electrode reactions. Great efforts have been devoted to exploiting high-performance hygroscopic materials, with typical materials including high concentrations of sulfonated groups, [21] phosphoric acid groups, [1,18] polyethylene glycol (PEG) segments, [14,17] N-heterocyclic groups, [15,20] and Brønsted acids [22]. For example, a composite membrane was fabricated by mixing PEG-modified graphene oxide with a Nafion matrix.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trifluoromethanesulfonimide-based hygroscopic semi-interpenetrating polymer network for enhanced proton conductivity of nafion-based proton exchange membranes at low humidity

Sun

Xiong

et al. 2020

Journal of Membrane Science

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In this study, a super acid with impressive hygroscopicity, 1-[3-(methacryloyloxy)propylsulfonyl]-1-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (MPTI), is exploited to improve the proton conductivity of PEMs at low humidity. Importantly, MPTI can deliquesce into an aqueous solution by capturing moisture from air at a considerable rate. Investigation of the hygroscopicity of MPTI and the corresponding mechanism by molecular dynamics simulation show a total interaction energy between MPTI and water of-368.13 kJ mol-1 , which greatly exceeds those of model derivatives with other typical hygroscopic groups. To apply MPTI in PEMs and prevent leakage, MPTI is incorporated into a semi-interpenetrating polymer network via in situ polymerization, and Nafionbased composite membranes are fabricated. The water uptake of the obtained hybrid membranes is substantially increased by up to 66.61% at 40% RH and 90.04% at 95% RH. This optimization of the water environment facilitates the dissociation of protons and the formation of hydrogen bond networks for high-speed proton conduction. As a result, the proton conductivity of the membranes increases by up to two orders of magnitude at low humidity. Notably, this composite membrane enhanced the performance of a single fuel cell at 60% RH by 41.9%.

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Phosphoric acid doped triazole-containing cross-linked polymer electrolytes with enhanced stability for high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Cited by 62 publications

References 84 publications

Structural architectures of polymer proton exchange membranes suitable for high-temperature fuel cell applications

Structural architectures of polymer proton exchange membranes suitable for high-temperature fuel cell applications

The Analysis of Micro-Scale Deformation and Fracture of Carbonized Elastomer-Based Composites by In Situ SEM

Trifluoromethanesulfonimide-based hygroscopic semi-interpenetrating polymer network for enhanced proton conductivity of nafion-based proton exchange membranes at low humidity

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