Phosphorus- and Sulfur-Codoped g-C₃N₄: Facile Preparation, Mechanism Insight, and Application as Efficient Photocatalyst for Tetracycline and Methyl Orange Degradation under Visible Light Irradiation

Abstract

Phosphorus- and sulfur-codoped graphitic carbon nitride has been successfully synthesized by in situ thermal copolymerization of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene and thiourea. The phosphorus doping, together with the sulfur doping, would enhance light trapping, surface area, and charge separation, making it serve as a more efficient photocatalyst than its pure g-C3N4 and single-doped g-C3N4 counterpart for the removal of tetracycline (TC) and methyl orange (MO). The optimum photocatalytic activities of a P-, S-codoped g-C3N4 sample for the degradation of TC and MO were about 5.9 times and 7.1 times higher than that of individual g-C3N4, respectively. Furthermore, the optimum TOC removal reached 70.33% and 55.37% for TC and MO within 120 min, respectively. The introduction of a P atom and S atom could significantly change the electronic property of g-C3N4 and suppress the recombination of photogenerated charges. Moreover, the defects in the framework of samples caused by the doping of P and S could serve as centers to trap the photoinduced electrons, thus inhibiting the charge recombination and improving its photocatalytic performance.

Modulation of Bi2MoO6‐Based Materials for Photocatalytic Water Splitting and Environmental Application: a Critical Review

“…Doping determined substance into Bi 2 MoO 6 is an efficient method to modify its optoelectronic properties by introducing foreign atoms or defects . Depending upon the nature of valence (donor, acceptor, and inert lattice mismatching) of dopants, the following changes of properties are most likely to occur: i) extension of light absorption toward longer wavelengths; ii) acceleration in electron–hole pairs separation; iii) boost in electrical conductivity; iv) improvement in surface affinity for chemical species …”

Recent advancements in g-C3N4-based photocatalysts for photocatalytic CO2 reduction: a mini review

“…In comparison, semiconductor-based photocatalysts are mostly heterogeneous catalysts, and with their use, it is easier to separate products from the reaction system. 9 Furthermore, the photocatalytic performance can be improved through various structural and chemical modications of the photocatalyst, e.g., porous semiconductor photocatalysts, doping [10][11][12][13][14] or compositing of a semiconductor photocatalyst with other materials. [15][16][17] Thus, there has been great interest and widespread usage of semiconductor photocatalysis during recent years.…”

H3PW12O40/mpg‐C3N4 as an efficient and reusable catalyst in the alkylation of o‐xylene and styrene

“…Over the past few years, there are several templating ways alongside the insertion of other heteroatoms into C 3 N 4 structure were recommended for purpose of advance its performance, such as combining with other semiconductors to found composite photocatalysts, element doping and morphological modification, among which doping with other elements is a characteristic method, such as the Zn, Ag, Fe doped g‐C 3 N 4 had been structured and got enormous strides ahead. Because of their distinct structural, physical and chemical properties, hollow structures proved especially effectively activity in the area of photo and heterogeneous catalysis and could also acquire potential applications in drug delivery, catalysis, gas storage, lithium batteries and nanodevices . Currently, the only way to synthesize metal‐free hollow structures is to use soft and hard templating methods.…”

“…Because of their distinct structural, physical and chemical properties, hollow structures proved especially effectively activity in the area of photo and heterogeneous catalysis and could also acquire potential applications in drug delivery, catalysis, gas storage, lithium batteries and nanodevices. [34,35] Currently, the only way to synthesize metal-free hollow structures is to use soft and hard templating methods. Nevertheless, despite recent progress, the traditional template approaches has gained a wide variety of structures, but they still require multiple steps and are considered complex and timeconsuming.…”