The structure of black phosphorous
(BP) is similar to the honeycomb
arrangement of graphene, but the layered BP is found to be buckled
and highly anisotropic. The buckled surface structure affects interfacial
molecule mobility and plays a vital role in various nanomaterial applications.
The BP is also known for wettability, droplet formation, stability,
and hydrophobicity in the aqueous environment. However, there is a
gap concerning the structural and dynamical behavior of water molecules,
which is available in abundance for other monoatomic and polyatomic
two-dimensional (2D) materials. Motivated by the technological importance,
we try to bridge the gap by explaining the surface anisotropy-facilitated
behavior of water molecules on bilayer BP using classical and first
principles molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. From our classical
MD study, we find three distinct layers of water molecules. The water
layer closest to the interface is L1, followed by L2 and L3/bulk perpendicular
to the BP surface. Water molecules in the L1 layer experience some
structural disintegration in hydrogen bond (HB) phenomena compared
to the bulk. There is a loss of HB donor–acceptor count per
water molecule. The average HB count decreases because of an elevated
rate of HB formation and deformation; this would affect the dynamic
properties in terms of HB lifetime. Therefore, we observe the reduced
lifetime of HB in the layer in close contact with BP, which again
complements our finding on the diffusion coefficient of water molecules
in distinct layers. Water diffuses relatively faster with diffusion
coefficient 3.25 × 10–9 m2 s–1 in L1, followed by L2 and L3. The BP layer shows
moderate hydrophobic nature. Our results also indicate the anisotropic
behavior as the diffusion along the x-direction is faster than that
along the y-direction. The gap in the slope of the x and y components
of mean-squared displacement (MSD) complements the pinning effect
in an aqueous environment. We observe blue-shifted and red-shifted
libration and O-H stretching modes from the calculated power spectra
for the L1 water molecules compared to the L2 and L3 molecules from
first principles MD simulations. Our analysis may help understand
the physical phenomena that occur during the surface wetting of the
predroplet formation process observed experimentally.