Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardants

Weil, Edward D.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-6973-8_4

Cited by 32 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Phosphorus-containing FRs are among the most commercially viable flame retardants currently in use, but still under vigorous research due to their low loading, high efficiency, and the increasingly stringent flame-retardant requirements for plastics and textiles [33]. This review will not cover the entire research papers on phosphorus flame retardants because other researchers have reviewed them extensively [34,35,36].…”

Section: Current Trends In Flame-retardant Plamentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Flame Retardant Poly(Lactic Acid)

Tawiah

Fei

2018

Polymers

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PLA has become a commodity polymer with wide applications in a number of fields. However, its high flammability with the tendency to flow in fire has limited its viability as a perfect replacement for the petrochemically-engineered plastics. Traditional flame retardants, which may be incorporated into PLA without severely degrading the mechanical properties, are the organo-halogen compounds. Meanwhile, these compounds tend to bioaccumulate and pose a risk to flora and fauna due to their restricted use. Research into PLA flame retardants has largely focused on organic and inorganic compounds for the past few years. Meanwhile, the renewed interest in the development of environmentally sustainable flame retardants (FRs) for PLA has increased significantly in a bid to maintain the integrity of the polymer. A review on the development of new flame retardants for PLA is presented herein. The focus is on metal oxides, phosphorus-based systems, 2D and 1D nanomaterials, hyperbranched polymers, and their combinations, which have been applied for flame retarding PLA are discussed. The paper also reviews briefly the correlation between FR loadings and efficiency for various FR systems, and their effects on processing and mechanical properties.

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Section: Current Trends In Flame-retardant Plamentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Flame Retardant Poly(Lactic Acid)

Tawiah

Fei

2018

Polymers

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“…60 This usage is despite concern regarding evolution of traces of phosphine (from interaction with moisture) and the red color, which is difficult to mask even with large amount of colorants. For safe handling, red phosphorus is available, such as from Italmatch, as masterbatches with a variety of polymers.…”

Section: Polyesters and Nylonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developments in phosphorus flame retardants

Levchik¹,

Weil²

2008

Advances in Fire Retardant Materials

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“…Organophosphorus compounds may act as effective flame retardants and offer the greatest potential to serve as replacements for organohalogen compounds in many applications. [3][4][5] In particular, new organophosphorus compounds have been developed to replace tetrabromobisphenol A for flame reatarding epoxy resins. [6,7] In this instance, strained five-membered dioxaheterocyclic compounds have been utilized as vehicles by which flame-retarding moieties may be incorporated into vinyl polymers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dioxaheteroatom Cyclics as Initiators for Radical Polymerization

Howell

Feng

Cho

2010

Macromolecular Symposia

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Summary: An attractive way to incorporate flame‐retarding moieties into oligomers or polymers is to use strained heterocyclic compounds which contain a thermally‐labile carbon‐carbon bond which will undergo thermolysis at modest temperature to generate a diradical capable of initiating vinyl polymerization. Suitably substituted, they may contain either bromine or phosphorus‐containing moieties, or both. The diol precursors to these heterocycles are generally available from reductive coupling of the corresponding ketones. Conversion of the diols to the heterocycles can be accomplished using standard reagents. Phospholanes generated in this way tend to be quite thermally unstable and often degrade within hours to generate a variety of products. On the other hand, siloles derived from appropriate diols display much greater thermal stability. They can be isolated as crystalline solids and may be used to initiate polymerization at 100‐200 °C. Incorporation of heterocycle‐derived units into the mainchain can impart polymer flame retardancy directly. Alternately, oligomers may be generated for use as flame retardant additives for polymeric materials.

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Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardants

Cited by 32 publications

References 31 publications

Advances in Flame Retardant Poly(Lactic Acid)

Advances in Flame Retardant Poly(Lactic Acid)

Developments in phosphorus flame retardants

Dioxaheteroatom Cyclics as Initiators for Radical Polymerization

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