Phosphorus-containing flame retardant epoxy thermosets: Recent advances and future perspectives

Huo, Siqi; Song, Pingan; Yu, Bin; Ran, Shiya; Chevali, Venkata S.; Liu, Lei; Fang, Zhengping; Wang, Hao

doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101366

Cited by 581 publications

(240 citation statements)

References 257 publications

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“…Although, the application of EP products brings about important convenience, severe flammable dripping and poor thermostability seriously hinder the popularization of EP products in certain special situations 8 . Thus, great attention has been focused on the improvement of flame retardany of EP composites to ensure its products meet corresponding fire‐retardant standards in the relevant industry 9–11 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of the organic–inorganic double‐shell microencapsulated aluminum hypophosphite and its improved flame retardancy and mechanical properties of epoxy resin composites

Chen

et al. 2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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To develop the functional particles with better flame‐retardant and compatibility with epoxy resin (EP) matrix, organic–inorganic double‐shell microencapsulated aluminum hypophosphite (MSiAHP) was prepared by situ polymerization. The water contact angles of MSiAHP (62.4°) is significantly larger than that of aluminum hypophosphite (34.4°), which shows that the organic shell material of MSiAHP endows excellent hydrophobicity and water resistance. With the incorporation of MSiAHP, EP/30%MSiAHP composite exhibits limiting oxygen index value of 27.3% and V‐0 rating. Furthermore, the cone calorimetry test reveals that MSiAHP reduces the peak heat release rate, total heat release and total smoke release of EP matrix by 33.3%, 24.4% and 56.6%, respectively. Besides, due to the unique organic–inorganic double‐shell structure of MSiAHP particles, EP/30%MSiAHP composite achieves greater thermal stability and higher char yields than pure EP. The investigation of the products in the gas and condensed phase demonstrates that MSiAHP is beneficial to the generation of a high‐density and compact carbon layer structure with a high graphitization degree, and delay the generation time of pyrolysis products in the gas phase, which can improve the fire safety of EP composites effectively. Furthermore, preeminent dispersion and compatibility of MSiAHP lead to EP/MSiAHP composites with excellent mechanical properties.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of the organic–inorganic double‐shell microencapsulated aluminum hypophosphite and its improved flame retardancy and mechanical properties of epoxy resin composites

Chen

et al. 2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…With the development of modern production, a constant stream of industrial waste is discharged into the environment, which has been harming the ecosystem and even human health severely. Thus, the reuse of industrial waste has become a hot topic in both academia and industry (Huo et al, 2021). Fortunately, many types of industrial wastes, for example, fly ash, oil sludge, and red mud, contain different valuable flame-retardant ingredients, such as thermally stable SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , and Fe 2 O 3 , thus exhibiting huge potential in the fabrication of flame-retardant polymers (Cao et al, 2017;Zhang et al, 2019;Liu et al, 2020).…”

Section: Industrial Wastementioning

confidence: 99%

Solid Wastes Toward Flame Retardants for Polymeric Materials: A Review

Gao

Huo

Zhen-hu³

2021

Front. Mater.

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It has been significant yet challenging to recycle and reuse different kinds of wastes because of their mass production within society. Many efforts have been conducted to reuse wastes in different fields. Interestingly, some wastes have been employed to replace traditional petroleum-based flame retardants for polymeric materials. This review focuses on the recent development of waste flame retardants and their impacts on thermal stability, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression of polymers, followed by representative flame-retardant mechanisms. Finally, the key challenges associated with waste flame retardants are presented, and some future perspectives are proposed.

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“…Recently, halogen-free flame retardants have been developed and applied in the preparation of polyurethane (Zhu et al, 2014;Ding et al, 2016;Jiao et al, 2019;Sykam et al, 2019;Xia et al, 2020). Among them, phosphorus-containing flame retardants, especially 9,10dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and its derivatives, have attracted much attention (Huo et al, 2020;Huo et al, 2021). 9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phenanthrene-10oxide (DOPO) and its derivatives were used to improve their use as flame retardants, as these have higher thermal stability, excellent flame retardancy, and low toxicity (Ma et al, 2020;Zhi et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvement of Flame Retardancy of Polyurethane Foam Using DOPO-Immobilized Silica Aerogel

Zheng

Dong

et al. 2021

Front. Mater.

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In this work, silica aerogel was modified by 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-1-oxide (DOPO). Then DOPO-immobilized silica aerogel nanoparticles were used as a flame retardant to prepare flame-retardant polyurethane foams. Microscale combustion calorimeter and cone calorimeter tests were employed to evaluate the flame retardancy of polyurethane foams. It was found that both the heat release rate and the total heat release of the composites were reduced with the incorporation of DOPO immobilized silica aerogel. It is speculated that the DOPO-immobilized silica aerogel nanoparticles can inhibit the degradation of polyurethane and catalyze the formation of carbonaceous carbon on the surface.

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Phosphorus-containing flame retardant epoxy thermosets: Recent advances and future perspectives

Cited by 581 publications

References 257 publications

Preparation of the organic–inorganic double‐shell microencapsulated aluminum hypophosphite and its improved flame retardancy and mechanical properties of epoxy resin composites

Preparation of the organic–inorganic double‐shell microencapsulated aluminum hypophosphite and its improved flame retardancy and mechanical properties of epoxy resin composites

Solid Wastes Toward Flame Retardants for Polymeric Materials: A Review

Improvement of Flame Retardancy of Polyurethane Foam Using DOPO-Immobilized Silica Aerogel

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