CaO−SiO2−MgO−FeO−Fe2O3−P2O5 slags is typical in the basic oxygen steelmaking(BOS) process. Phosphate distribution between slags and liquid iron is an index of the phosphorus holding capacity of the slag, which determines the phosphorus content achievable in the finished steel. In this study, a thermodynamic model for calculating phosphorus distribution between CaO−SiO2−MgO−FeO−Fe2O3−P2O5 slags and liquid iron, i.e., IMCT−Lp model, has been developed coupled with a developed thermodynamic model for calculating mass action concentrations of structural units, i.e., IMCT−Ni model, based on ion and molecule coexistence theory. Simple binary basicity R have a large effect on equilibrium mole number Σni of structural units in CaO-SiO2-MgO-FeO-Fe2O3-P2O5 slags, the formula of equilibrium mole number Σni against the simple binary basicity R of slags can be regressed as Σni = 2.604 -3.029*exp(-R/2.339), and the fitting degree is 0.995. The comparison of the calculated phosphorous distribution by IMCT−Lp model with the measured phosphorous distribution reported from different literatures shows that the agreement between the calculated phosphorous distribution and measured phosphorous distribution is good. Meanwhile, some other Lp prediction models have also been taken into consideration for calculating phosphate distribution between CaO−SiO2−MgO−FeO−Fe2O3−P2O5 slags and liquid iron, and the results shows that IMCT−Lp model have more accuracy compared with other Lp prediction models. The developed IMCT−Lp model can quantitatively calculate the respective contribution of FetO, CaO+FetO and MgO+FetO in the slags. A significant difference of dephosphorziation abilities among FetO, CaO+FetO and MgO+FetO can be found as approximately 0.00%, 99.98%, 0.01%. Meanwhile, the phosphorus in liquid iron can be effectively extracted by CaO+FetO in slags to form complex molecules 3CaO·P2O5 which made the main contribution to dephosphorizaiton in CaO-SiO2-MgO-FeO-Fe2O3-P2O5 slags.