Phosphorus retention processes in shell sand filter systems treating municipal wastewater

Søvik, Anne Kristine; Kløve, Bjørn

doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2005.04.007

Cited by 94 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Laboratory batch isotherms commonly overestimate the performance of field-scale applications, particularly for precipitation-controlled P retention (see Arias et al 2003, Søvik and Kløve 2005, Ádám et al 2007a). The lower the P concentration entering a buffer that relies on P removal by precipitation, the larger the discrepancy is likely to be between maximum P retention, estimated with the laboratory isotherm technique, and field-scale performance.…”

Section: Materials That Exhibit P Adsorption On Metal Oxidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The incoming flow also tends to form preferential pathways in the material, resulting in a short residence time, limited contact of P with the filtering material and, consequently, lower-than-expected P removal efficiency of the system. Meso-scale applications Søvik and Kløve (2005) tested a shellsand filter fed with wastewater from a single household. The filter consisted of a pre-filter and a main filter with an area of 0.9 m 2 and a volume of about 0.7 m 3 .…”

Section: P Removal In Wastewater Filter Bedsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Materials such as acidic mine drainage residuals, steel smelter residues and shellsand have also been tested in practice as reactive media by constructing permeable barriers to treat agricultural runoff or wastewater from households (e.g., Penn et al 2007, Shilton et al 2006, Søvik and Kløve 2005. In fact, since the 1960s, researchers worldwide have carried out research on P-sorbing materials (e.g., Yee 1966, Neufeld and Thodos 1969, Shiao and Akashi 1977.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Potential and limitations of phosphate retention media in water protection: A process-based review of laboratory and field-scale tests

Klimeski¹,

Chardon²,

Туртола³

et al. 2012

AFSci

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The application of phosphorus (P)-sorbing materials offers a possible solution for treating municipal wastewater and agricultural runoff. In this paper we discuss P retention and release mechanisms, and review studies on the P retention of different materials and their use as reactive media in filter beds. The main mechanisms for P retention are sorption on metal (mostly Fe or Al) hydroxide surfaces and, in alkaline conditions, the formation of Ca-P precipitates. The retention of P is strongly affected by the chemical composition of a material, its particle size and pH-related effects on sorption and precipitation both during testing and in practical operation. Laboratory tests are sensitive to solution chemistry (pH, alkalinity, ionic strength and composition, P concentration) and affected by material-to-solution ratio, contact time and agitation. Moreover, due to deviations from realistic field conditions, laboratory tests may produce imprecise estimates of the retention capacity and retention kinetics. In particular, materials that contain soluble substances (e.g., CaO) that elevate the pH of the ambient solution to high levels may in batch tests suggest a high capacity for P retention, but will most probably show much lower retention in field settings. On the other hand, materials containing metal oxides also retain P via slow reactions, and their retention capacity may be underestimated in short equilibrations. Appropriate laboratory test procedures will depend on their intended applications and material properties. Long-term field-scale tests are few in number, but some of them have shown promising results. Field-scale tests have, however, highlighted the design of the filters as a critical factor in their efficiency.

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Section: Materials That Exhibit P Adsorption On Metal Oxidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: P Removal In Wastewater Filter Bedsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Potential and limitations of phosphate retention media in water protection: A process-based review of laboratory and field-scale tests

Klimeski¹,

Chardon²,

Туртола³

et al. 2012

AFSci

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“…The use of LWA with well-defined properties has simplified design of these treatment systems (Maehlum and Jenssen, 2002;Jenssen and Krogstad, 2002). Therefore, the most frequently used filter media in such systems in the Nordic countries currently is LWA (Søvik and Kløve, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Filter bed systems treating domestic wastewater in the Nordic countries – Performance and reuse of filter media

Jenssen

Krogstad

Paruch

et al. 2010

Ecological Engineering

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a b s t r a c tNine filter beds have been constructed in the Nordic countries, Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Filter beds consist of a septic tank followed by an aerobic pre-treatment biofilter and a subsequent saturated flow grass-covered filter. Thus, filter beds are similar to subsurface flow constructed wetlands with pre-treatment biofilters, but do not have wetland plants with roots submerged into the saturated filter. All saturated filters contain Filtralite ® P, a light-weight expanded clay aggregate possessing high phosphorus sorption capacity. The filter bed systems showed stable and consistent performance during the testing period of 3 years. Removal of organic matter measured as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) was >80%, total phosphorus (TP) >94% and total nitrogen (TN) ranged from 32 to 66%. Effluent concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria met the European bathing water quality criteria in all systems. One system was investigated for virus removal and somatic viruses were not detected in the effluent. The investigations revealed that the majority of the BOD and nitrogen removal occurred in the pre-treatment filters and the phosphorus and bacteria removal was more prominent in the saturated filters. The saturated filters could be built substantially smaller than the current design guidelines without sacrificing treatment performance. The used filter material met the Norwegian regulations for reuse in agriculture with respect to heavy metals, bacteria and parasites. When saturated with phosphorus, the light-weight aggregate, Filtralite ® P used in the saturated bed is a suitable phosphorus fertilizer and additionally has a liming effect.

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“…The alternative way of phosphorus removal is to use materials which compose of elements that could bind phosphorus. The scientists have investigated phosphorus removal by using various materials such as sand, crushed marble, vermiculite, calcite, limestone, alunite, shellsand, Filtralite P, Polonite, Nordkalk Filtra P, wollastonite, alum, blast furnace slag, electric arc furnace slag, ochre, iron filings [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. These materials are divided into three groups: natural materials, industrial by-products and man-made sorbents [1,[21][22][23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lab-Scale Column Study on Phosphorus Removal from Synthetic Wastewater by Filtralite P and Iron Filings

Kirjanova¹,

Rimeika²,

Zopelytė³

2017

Eco-Tech

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Column study was performed in order to compare phosphate phosphorus (PO4-P) removal capacity of iron filings and Filtralite P. The experiment with two vertical downflow columns (0.05 in diameter and with 0.9 m medium height) feeding synthetic wastewater was carried out over a period of 66 days at wastewater temperature of 17.2-21.8 ºC. The study also aimed to determine the effect of submergence of the medium on Filtralite P PO4-P removal potential. During the experiment the submerged Filtralite P sorbed almost double amount of PO4-P (1581 mg PO4-P/kg filter material or 662 mg PO4-P/m 3 filter material) compared to the unsubmerged (881 mg PO4-P/kg filter material or 369 mg PO4-P/m 3 filter material). In both cases PO4-P removal efficiency exceeded 90 % when pH in the effluent was higher than 9.5. Through the experimental period the iron filings removed 2249 mg PO4-P/kg filter material. When evaluating the amount of removed PO4-P per volume of filter material, the iron filings removed 2164 mg PO4-P/m 3 filter material, i. e. 3.3 times more than the submerged Filtralite P did. In the case of iron filings the largest PO4-P amount was removed in the top layer (0-30 cm) of the filter material. The amount of removed PO4-P decreased and PO4-P removal efficiency increased with depth of the medium: in the top layer (0-30 cm) PO4-P removal efficiency was 27 %, whereas in the bottom layer (60-90 cm) it reached 44 %. The same tendency of PO4-P removal efficiency was observed in the column with the submerged Filtralite P; however, the PO4-P removal efficiency in all layers of this filter material was lower in comparison with the iron filings.

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Phosphorus retention processes in shell sand filter systems treating municipal wastewater

Cited by 94 publications

References 14 publications

Potential and limitations of phosphate retention media in water protection: A process-based review of laboratory and field-scale tests

Potential and limitations of phosphate retention media in water protection: A process-based review of laboratory and field-scale tests

Filter bed systems treating domestic wastewater in the Nordic countries – Performance and reuse of filter media

Lab-Scale Column Study on Phosphorus Removal from Synthetic Wastewater by Filtralite P and Iron Filings

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