Phosphorus Science-Oriented Design and Synthesis of Multifunctional Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications

Abstract

Phosphorus plays an indispensable role in energy metabolism, acid-base balance, and genetic substances transfer. As nanotechnology advances, plenty of phosphorus-based nanomaterials have been developed and widely used in the fields of biology and medicine. The size and structure of phosphorus-based nanomaterials give them unique physicochemical, optical, and biological properties, greatly increasing the variety of nanomedicine. The excellent properties further promote the applications of phosphorus-based nanomaterials in drug nanocarriers, tumor theranostics, biosensors, and bone formation. In this review, we first introduce the phosphorus science to unify current phosphorus-based nanomaterials and discuss their synthesis methods. Furthermore, the representative nanoplatforms utilizing the corresponding properties are highlighted. Finally, research development, potential challenges, and perspectives for further improvement of phosphorus-based nanomaterials in biomedicines are presented.

Tumor‐Microenvironment‐Triggered Ion Exchange of a Metal–Organic Framework Hybrid for Multimodal Imaging and Synergistic Therapy of Tumors

“…[ 1–7 ] With the development of nanotechnology, many NTAs with imaging capabilities including computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and photoacoustic (PA) imaging and therapeutic functions including photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), or chemodynamic therapy (CDT) have been extensively developed. [ 8–18 ] However, most of reported NTAs suffer from their poor tumor specificity and unsatisfactory therapeutic efficiency due to the severe background interference during metabolism caused by the “always on” model. [ 19–21 ] To solve this problem, in situ NTA synthesis strategy to activate pro‐NTAs (precursor of NTAs) into NTAs at desired locations has attracted increasing attention.…”

Dendrimers as Modulators of Brain Cells

“…Dendrimers can be constructed by divergent and convergent methodologies, pioneered by Tomalia and Frechét, in which the hyperbranched structure is either built from the core, in a layer-by-layer fashion, or through attaching dendrons to a central core [ 70 , 71 ]. Some well-known dendrimers include poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM), poly(propylene imine) (PPI), phosphorus, and bis-MPA-based dendrimers [ 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 ]. Dendrimers are classified by their generation, which is defined as the number of branched layers from a central core, such as G0, G1, G2 ( Figure 2 ).…”

Smart Acid‐Activatable Self‐Assembly of Black Phosphorous as Photosensitizer to Overcome Poor Tumor Retention in Photothermal Therapy

“…[1,2] Ideal gap (0.3-2.0 eV), leading to excellent light-matter interaction in the infrared region that includes infrared biowindows for lightactivated therapy. [32][33][34][35][36] As a result, BP based light-activated biomedicine materials have been explored in various bio-photonics applications, such as PDT, [37,38] PTT, [39][40][41] bio-imaging, [40,42] and biosensors. [43,44] For instance, our group and others tested several BP-based photosensitizers for PTT of cancer in both in vitro and in vivo.…”