Phosphorylation of rice sucrose synthase isoforms promotes the activity of sucrose degradation

Takeda, Haruka; Niikura, Muneyuki; Narumi, A.; Aoki, Hiromi; Sasaki, Toyokazu; Shimada, Hiroaki

doi:10.5511/plantbiotechnology.17.0326a

Cited by 17 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The second site is also a serine, at around position 170, and is thought to regulate protein degradation (Hardin et al, 2003). In vitro phosphorylation of rice SuSy proteins, Rsus1-3 may promote SuSy activity (Takeda et al, 2017).…”

Section: Structure and Enzymatic Activity Of Susymentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of Sucrose Synthases in Plants

2019

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Sucrose is the end product of photosynthesis and the primary sugar transported in the phloem of most plants. Sucrose synthase (SuSy) is a glycosyl transferase enzyme that plays a key role in sugar metabolism, primarily in sink tissues. SuSy catalyzes the reversible cleavage of sucrose into fructose and either uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP-G) or adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADP-G). The products of sucrose cleavage by SuSy are available for many metabolic pathways, such as energy production, primary-metabolite production, and the synthesis of complex carbohydrates. SuSy proteins are usually homotetramers with an average monomeric molecular weight of about 90 kD (about 800 amino acids long). Plant SuSy isozymes are mainly located in the cytosol or adjacent to plasma membrane, but some SuSy proteins are found in the cell wall, vacuoles, and mitochondria. Plant SUS gene families are usually small, containing between four to seven genes, with distinct exon-intron structures. Plant SUS genes are divided into three separate clades, which are present in both monocots and dicots. A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis indicates that a first SUS duplication event may have occurred before the divergence of the gymnosperms and angiosperms and a second duplication event probably occurred in a common angiosperm ancestor, leading to the existence of all three clades in both monocots and dicots. Plants with reduced SuSy activity have been shown to have reduced growth, reduced starch, cellulose or callose synthesis, reduced tolerance to anaerobic-stress conditions and altered shoot apical meristem function and leaf morphology. Plants overexpressing SUS have shown increased growth, increased xylem area and xylem cell-wall width, and increased cellulose and starch contents, making SUS high-potential candidate genes for the improvement of agricultural traits in crop plants. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding plant SuSy, including newly discovered possible developmental roles for SuSy in meristem functioning that involve sugar and hormonal signaling.

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Section: Structure and Enzymatic Activity Of Susymentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of Sucrose Synthases in Plants

2019

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“…In maize, phosphorylation of the amino terminal portion of SuSy determines the association of the protein with different cell compartments [ 62 ], as well as in tomato fruit [ 68 ]. As already stated, the phosphorylation of SuSy can also affect its enzymatic activity, for example in relation to the synthesis of callose [ 69 ] or to the increased degradation of sucrose [ 70 ]. In other cases, phosphorylation in distinct amino acid residues may be a signal for the proteolytic degradation of the enzyme [ 64 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Purification and Biochemical Characterization of Sucrose synthase from the Stem of Nettle (Urtica dioica L.)

Mareri

Guerriero

Hausman

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Sucrose synthase is a key enzyme in sucrose metabolism as it saves an important part of sucrose energy in the uridine-5′-diphosphate glucose (UDP-glucose) molecule. As such it is also involved in the synthesis of fundamental molecules such as callose and cellulose, the latter being present in all cell walls of plant cells and therefore also in the gelatinous cell walls of sclerenchyma cells such as bast fibers. Given the importance of these cells in plants of economic interest such as hemp, flax and nettle, in this work we have studied the occurrence of Sucrose synthase in nettle stems by analyzing its distribution between the cytosol, membranes and cell wall. We have therefore developed a purification protocol that can allow the analysis of various characteristics of the enzyme. In nettle, Sucrose synthase is encoded by different genes and each form of the enzyme could be subjected to different post-translational modifications. Therefore, by two-dimensional electrophoresis analysis, we have also traced the phosphorylation profile of Sucrose synthase isoforms in the various cell compartments. This information paves the way for further investigation of Sucrose synthase in plants such as nettle, which is both economically important, but also difficult to study.

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“…Acidic pH (in the range of 5.5 - 7.5) has been shown to promote cleavage activity, whereas pH in the range of 7.5 - 9.5 promotes the synthesis activity of the enzyme (Schmolzer et al, 2016; Stein and Granot, 2019). SUS activity also depends on the carbohydrate status, particularly on sucrose metabolism (Takeda et al, 2017). As discussed earlier, a higher amount of sucrose reaching the stem of O. australiensis accumulated in the apoplasm, due to sucrose transporters and lower cell wall invertase activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Contrary to O. australiensis , higher synthesis activity of SUS in the Nipponbare stem might contribute to the sucrose synthesis to be mobilized for grain filling at the heading stage. The differences between the synthesis and cleavage activities of SUS between the two species could be due to many potential factors, such as pH and metabolic status of the tissue, cellular localization, phosphorylation, and oligomerization status of the enzyme (Schmolzer et al , 2016; Stein and Granot, 2019; Takeda et al , 2017). Our results on differential activity of cell wall invertase and starch levels in the stem suggested that the metabolic status of the stem could likely be an important determinant for the differences in synthesis and cleavage activity of SUS between the two species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sucrose transport and metabolism control carbon partitioning between stem and grain in rice

Mathan

Singh

Ranjan

2020

Preprint

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SummaryThe source-sink relationship is key to the overall crop performance in terms of biomass and grain yield. Detailed understanding of the factors that determine source-sink dynamics, such as developmental and physiological features of source and sink tissues, photoassimilate partitioning from source to sink tissues, and metabolic status of the tissues, is imperative for optimization of crop performance. We investigated the differences in the source-sink relationship between a cultivated rice variety Oryza sativa cv. Nipponbare and a wild rice Oryza australiensis that show striking differences in biomass and grain yield traits. The wild rice, accumulating higher biomass, was not only photosynthetically efficient but also had efficient phloem loading and sucrose export from leaves. However, sucrose was not efficiently mobilized to panicle due to fewer number of smaller vascular bundles at the panicle base as well as lower expression of OsSWEETs and OsSUT1 in developing spikelets of O. australiensis compared to Nipponbare. High cleavage activity of Sucrose Synthase followed by higher expression of Cellulose Synthase genes in the wild rice stem efficiently utilized photosynthates for the synthesis of structural carbohydrates, resulting in high biomass. In contrast, the source-sink relationship favored high grain yield in Nipponbare via accumulation of transitory starch in the stem, due to higher expression of starch biosynthetic genes, to be mobilized to panicles with the onset of grain filling. Thus, vascular features and sucrose transporter functions together with functions of key sugar metabolic enzymes contributed to the variations in the source-sink relationship between the selected cultivated and wild rice.

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Phosphorylation of rice sucrose synthase isoforms promotes the activity of sucrose degradation

Cited by 17 publications

References 15 publications

An Overview of Sucrose Synthases in Plants

An Overview of Sucrose Synthases in Plants

Purification and Biochemical Characterization of Sucrose synthase from the Stem of Nettle (Urtica dioica L.)

Sucrose transport and metabolism control carbon partitioning between stem and grain in rice

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