“…First, abiotic factors including light and oxygen are widely considered to induce plastic degradation reactions which are initiated via C-C and C-H scission 12,50,52,54 . These factors are most likely to attack and modify PVC polymer via hydroxyl dichlorination and carbonylation, as supported by FTIR diagram (Figure 2f).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Based on the above multi-omics approaches that incorporates complementary results of genome, transcriptome, proteome and metabolites analyses, strain EMBL-1 was found to encode peroxidase, alkane monooxygenase, laccase, lipase, esterase, and carboxylesterase known to degrade PE and/or PET (Table 1 and Dataset S1) 48,[50][51][52][53] . These enzymes probably participate in the biodegradation of PVC and its byproducts through a putative pathway which includes the abiotic effect, extracellular enzymatic depolymerization, and the intracellular metabolism of degradation by products (Figure 5).…”
Section: Multi-omics Analysis Of Pvc Degradation Pathway By Strain Embl-1mentioning
Microbial degradation of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is eco-friendly and economically attractive, but extremely challenging due to the lack of mechanistic understanding on the degrading strains and enzymes. Motivated by an accidental discovery that the larva of an agricultural invasive pest, Spodoptera frugiperda, effectively survived solely on PVC film, we profiled the intestinal microbiota of S. frugiperda and screened for PVC-degrading strains. The results showed PVC film feeding significantly changed the larvae intestinal microbiota through selective enrichment of Enterococcus, Ochrobactrum and Klebsiella. From the larva intestines, we isolated and named a biofilm-forming strain EMBL-1, and experimentally verified it as the first Klebsiella bacterium that can actively degrade and utilize PVC based on various classic physicochemical and morphological analyses. We further used multi-omics analyses that complementarily integrate whole genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolic insights to identify enzyme-coding genes responsible for PVC degradation and proposed a putative biodegradation pathway by the bacterial strain. All in all, both S. frugiperda and its intestinal strain EMBL-1 are discovered to effectively survive on PVC film by exploiting its polymer as a sole energy source. Moreover, this work exemplifying PVC biodegradation provides reference for discovering more degrading microbes and enzymatic resources of other recalcitrant plastics.
“…First, abiotic factors including light and oxygen are widely considered to induce plastic degradation reactions which are initiated via C-C and C-H scission 12,50,52,54 . These factors are most likely to attack and modify PVC polymer via hydroxyl dichlorination and carbonylation, as supported by FTIR diagram (Figure 2f).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Based on the above multi-omics approaches that incorporates complementary results of genome, transcriptome, proteome and metabolites analyses, strain EMBL-1 was found to encode peroxidase, alkane monooxygenase, laccase, lipase, esterase, and carboxylesterase known to degrade PE and/or PET (Table 1 and Dataset S1) 48,[50][51][52][53] . These enzymes probably participate in the biodegradation of PVC and its byproducts through a putative pathway which includes the abiotic effect, extracellular enzymatic depolymerization, and the intracellular metabolism of degradation by products (Figure 5).…”
Section: Multi-omics Analysis Of Pvc Degradation Pathway By Strain Embl-1mentioning
Microbial degradation of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is eco-friendly and economically attractive, but extremely challenging due to the lack of mechanistic understanding on the degrading strains and enzymes. Motivated by an accidental discovery that the larva of an agricultural invasive pest, Spodoptera frugiperda, effectively survived solely on PVC film, we profiled the intestinal microbiota of S. frugiperda and screened for PVC-degrading strains. The results showed PVC film feeding significantly changed the larvae intestinal microbiota through selective enrichment of Enterococcus, Ochrobactrum and Klebsiella. From the larva intestines, we isolated and named a biofilm-forming strain EMBL-1, and experimentally verified it as the first Klebsiella bacterium that can actively degrade and utilize PVC based on various classic physicochemical and morphological analyses. We further used multi-omics analyses that complementarily integrate whole genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolic insights to identify enzyme-coding genes responsible for PVC degradation and proposed a putative biodegradation pathway by the bacterial strain. All in all, both S. frugiperda and its intestinal strain EMBL-1 are discovered to effectively survive on PVC film by exploiting its polymer as a sole energy source. Moreover, this work exemplifying PVC biodegradation provides reference for discovering more degrading microbes and enzymatic resources of other recalcitrant plastics.
“…Recent studies have shown that the reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), singlet oxygen ( 1 O2), superoxide radical anion (O2• -) and hydroxyl radical (OH•) exhibit great potentials to accelerate the aging process of MPs in the aquatic system. 71 It was indicated that the photo-aging of, for example, PVC microplastics depended on the particle size. Moreover, the aging reaction could be facilitated in the presence of low-molecular-weight organic acid (LMWOA) and LMWOA-Fe(III) complex under natural as well as simulated sunlight irradiation and ambient conditions.…”
Presence of microplastics in marine environment has been a pollution problem for years but only recently people have become aware of it, similarly as happened in the las few decades...
“…All processes changing the structure of plastics in the environment may influence their properties: adsorption capacity and a type of substances, which may be released from the plastic ( Fig. 6 ) ( Müller et al, 2018 , Wang et al, 2020b ). Fig.…”
Section: Dpgs Influence On the Environmentmentioning
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