Photo-initiated miniemulsion polymerization as a route to the synthesis of gold nanoparticle encapsulated latexes

Fuchs, Adrian V.; Will, Geoffrey

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2010.03.019

Cited by 25 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…[ 12 ] Although the vast majority of these polymerizations are thermally initiated, an alternative approach was UV light induced the polymerization from monomer microemulsion. [13][14][15][16] More recently miniemulsions [17][18][19] composed of metastable acrylate nanodroplets ( < 100 nm) with weakly scattering properties are prepared in water permitting a suffi cient penetration of light. Nucleation is assumed to take place inside nanodroplets and promote their conversion into polymer particles, in the absence of any destabilization phenomena.…”

Section: Photopolymerization In a Photoreactormentioning

confidence: 99%

Two Routes Towards Photoinitiator‐Free Photopolymerization in Miniemulsion: Acrylate Self‐Initiation and Photoactive Surfactant

Hoijemberg

Chemtob

Croutxé‐Barghorn

2011

Macro Chemistry & Physics

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Two novel photoinitiator-free approaches to photopolymerize acrylic monomers with a conventional Hg lamp starting from an acrylates monomer miniemulsion are investigated. In one system the acrylate nanodroplet reaction is self-initiated and in the other the use of a photoactive diphenyl ether surfactant yields phenyl and phenoxyl initiating radicals upon UV irradiation. Photopolymerization kinetics are monitored in situ by real-time Fourier transform near infrared spectroscopy (RT-FTNIR) and the colloidal properties are systematically investigated by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The up-scaling of these PI-free miniemulsion photopolymerizations is carried out in an annular photoreactor.

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Section: Photopolymerization In a Photoreactormentioning

confidence: 99%

Two Routes Towards Photoinitiator‐Free Photopolymerization in Miniemulsion: Acrylate Self‐Initiation and Photoactive Surfactant

Hoijemberg

Chemtob

Croutxé‐Barghorn

2011

Macro Chemistry & Physics

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“…The study of miniemulsion polymerization technique has increased exponentially in the last years, as it has been widely used for various applications,1, 2 such as encapsulation of inorganic solids,3, 4 production of hybrid polymer particles,5, 6 step polymerization in aqueous dispersed media,5 production of particles with special morphology,7, 8 among others.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compartmentalization Effects on Miniemulsion Polymerization with Oil‐Soluble Initiator

Costa¹,

Timmermann²,

Pinto³

et al. 2013

Macro Reaction Engineering

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A dynamic mathematical model is developed to represent miniemulsion polymerization reactions using oil‐soluble initiator. Both simulation and experimental results show that the evolution of conversion varies with particle diameter and that reactions become slower as the particle size is increased. For each experimental condition, a limiting diameter is obtained, above which the reaction kinetics does not change anymore with the diameter. These results are explained in terms of the compartmentalization of growing radicals during the miniemulsion polymerizations. The evolution of conversion in bulk polymerizations shows that the kinetic behavior above the limiting diameter is similar to the kinetic behavior of bulk reactions. magnified image

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“…As a result, nucleation takes place preferentially in the monomer droplets, making miniemulsion amenable to many unconventional applications including water‐sensitive reactions (ionic, catalytic, step‐reaction polymerizations), controlled radical polymerizations, encapsulation of liquids, preformed polymers, or inorganic particles, and many others . Recently, several examples of photoinitiated miniemulsion polymerizations driven by UV light have been very successful . The key feature here is the smaller size of the miniemulsion droplets (40–500 nm) compared with macroemulsion systems (500 nm–50 µm), leading to a better light penetration and an optimized absorption/scattering ratio.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[10][11][12] Recently, several examples of photoinitiated miniemulsion polymerizations driven by UV light have been very successful. [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] The key feature here is the smaller size of the miniemulsion droplets (40-500 nm) compared with macroemulsion systems (500 nm-50 mm), leading to a better light penetration and an optimized absorption/scattering ratio. Additionally, photochemical initiation has provided unique capabilities as regards to temporal control of polymerization 20 and implementation of continuous operation modes, 17 not easily achievable with conventional thermal processes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Acrylate nanolatex via self-initiated photopolymerization

Jasinski

Lobry

Lefevre

et al. 2014

J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem.

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The use of UV light to initiate emulsion polymerization processes is generally overlooked, whilst extensive literature exists on photocuring of monomer films. In this study, the unique potential of UV light to produce at ambient temperature polyacrylate latexes without initiator was exploited. Although radical initiators are utilized at low concentration, their cost, toxicity, and odor provide incentives for finding alternatives. Starting with concentrated (30 wt %) and low scattering acrylate miniemulsions (droplet diameter <100 nm), it was demonstrated that acrylate self‐initiation can promote an efficient and fast photopolymerization in micrometer‐scale reactor (spectrophotometric cell) and lab‐scale photoreactor. Herein, all kinetic, colloidal, and mechanistic aspects involved in the self‐initiation of acrylate miniemulsion were extensively examined to provide a complete picture. In particular, the effects of droplet size, initiating wavelength, optical path, and irradiance on the course of the polymerization were thoroughly discussed. A diradical self‐initiation pathway is the most likely mechanism. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 1843–1853

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Photo-initiated miniemulsion polymerization as a route to the synthesis of gold nanoparticle encapsulated latexes

Cited by 25 publications

References 34 publications

Two Routes Towards Photoinitiator‐Free Photopolymerization in Miniemulsion: Acrylate Self‐Initiation and Photoactive Surfactant

Two Routes Towards Photoinitiator‐Free Photopolymerization in Miniemulsion: Acrylate Self‐Initiation and Photoactive Surfactant

Compartmentalization Effects on Miniemulsion Polymerization with Oil‐Soluble Initiator

Acrylate nanolatex via self-initiated photopolymerization

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