Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae, a bacterium pathogenic for marine animals and humans

Rivas, Amable J.; Lemos, Manuel L.; Osorio, Carlos R.

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2013.00283

Cited by 197 publications

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“…damselae causes severe infections in wild marine animals and in aquaculture. Time and again, septicemia or necrotizing soft tissue infections in humans have also been reported (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6). In many cases, even radical surgery and antibiotic treatment fail to save the lives of patients.…”

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Phobalysin, a Small β-Pore-Forming Toxin of Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae

et al. 2015

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c Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae, an important pathogen of marine animals, may also cause septicemia or hyperaggressive necrotizing fasciitis in humans. We previously showed that hemolysin genes are critical for virulence of this organism in mice and fish. In the present study, we characterized the hlyA gene product, a putative small ␤-pore-forming toxin, and termed it phobalysin P (PhlyP), for "photobacterial lysin encoded on a plasmid." PhlyP formed stable oligomers and small membrane pores, causing efflux of K ؉ , with no significant leakage of lactate dehydrogenase but entry of vital dyes. The latter feature distinguished PhlyP from the related Vibrio cholerae cytolysin. Attack by PhlyP provoked a loss of cellular ATP, attenuated translation, and caused profound morphological changes in epithelial cells. In coculture experiments with epithelial cells, Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae led to rapid hemolysin-dependent membrane permeabilization. Unexpectedly, hemolysins also promoted the association of P. damselae subsp. damselae with epithelial cells. The collective observations of this study suggest that membrane-damaging toxins commonly enhance bacterial adherence.

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Phobalysin, a Small β-Pore-Forming Toxin of Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae

et al. 2015

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“…damselae is considered a primary pathogen of a wide range of marine animals, including wild and cultivated fish, causing losses of economical importance in marine aquaculture (1)(2)(3). In addition, this pathogen is of special concern for humans, since it can cause a highly severe necrotizing fasciitis that may lead to a fatal outcome (4,5).…”

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Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae Major Virulence Factors Dly, Plasmid-Encoded HlyA, and Chromosome-Encoded HlyA Are Secreted via the Type II Secretion System

et al. 2015

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b Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae is a marine bacterium that causes septicemia in marine animals and in humans. Previously, we had determined a major role of pPHDD1 plasmid-encoded Dly (damselysin) and HlyA (HlyA pl ) and the chromosome-encoded HlyA (HlyA ch ) hemolysins in virulence. However, the mechanisms by which these toxins are secreted remain unknown. In this study, we found that a mini-Tn10 transposon mutant in a plasmidless strain showing an impaired hemolytic phenotype contained an insertion in epsL, a component of a type II secretion system (T2SS). Reconstruction of the mutant by allelic exchange confirmed the specific involvement of epsL in HlyA ch secretion. In addition, mutation of epsL in a pPHDD1-harboring strain caused an almost complete abolition of hemolytic activity against sheep erythrocytes, indicating that epsL plays a major role in secretion of the plasmid-encoded HlyA pl and Dly. This was further demonstrated by analysis of different combinations of hemolysin gene mutants and by strain-strain complementation assays. We also found that mutation of the putative prepilin peptidase gene pilD severely affected hemolysis, which dropped at levels inferior to those of epsL mutants. Promoter expression analyses suggested that impairment of hemolysin secretion in epsL and pilD mutants might constitute a signal that affects hemolysin and T2SS gene expression at the transcriptional level. In addition, single epsL and pilD mutations caused a drastic decrease in virulence for mice, demonstrating a major role of T2SS and pilD in P. damselae subsp. damselae virulence.T he marine bacterium Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae is considered a primary pathogen of a wide range of marine animals, including wild and cultivated fish, causing losses of economical importance in marine aquaculture (1-3). In addition, this pathogen is of special concern for humans, since it can cause a highly severe necrotizing fasciitis that may lead to a fatal outcome (4, 5). The majority of the reported infections in humans have their primary origin in wounds exposed to seawater (6), inflicted during fish and fishing tool handling (7), while practicing aquatic sports (8), and occasionally after consumption of seafood (9).Highly hemolytic strains of this pathogen harbor the virulence plasmid pPHDD1, which encodes the hemolysins damselysin (Dly) and HlyA (HlyA pl ) (10). In addition, all of the hemolytic P. damselae subsp. damselae strains encode a third hemolysin, chromosome-encoded HlyA (HlyA ch ), in chromosome I (11, 12). Dly is a potent phospholipase D cytotoxin with hemolytic activity that removes choline phosphate head groups from sphingomyelin (13, 14), whereas HlyA pl and HlyA ch are predicted to be pore-forming toxins (11). HlyA ch and HlyA pl show 92% identity in their amino acid sequences, but HlyA pl is twice more active against sheep erythrocytes than HlyA ch (11). When the two HlyA hemolysins are produced by a P. damselae subsp. damselae strain, their activities demonstrated to exert an additive effect i...

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“…Photobacterium damselae was also identified by the microarray. This bacterium has been found in ocean water, seaweed, and has been isolated as a pathogen in dolphins (Rivas et al 2013). P. damselae, also known as Vibrio damselae, has been associated with wound infections in humans: P. damselae caused fulminant septicemia in a man after filleting bluefish (Perez-Tirse et al 1993 (Yamane et al 2004).…”

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Pathogen surveillance in wild bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus

Jaing¹,

Thissen²,

Gardner³

et al. 2015

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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The number and prevalence of diseases is rapidly increasing in the marine ecosystem. Although there is an increase in the number of marine diseases observed world-wide, current understanding of the pathogens associated with marine mammals is limited. An important need exists to develop and apply platforms for rapid detection and characterization of pathogenic agents to assess, prevent and respond to disease outbreaks. In this study, a broad-spectrum molecular detection technology capable of detecting all sequenced microbial organisms, the Lawrence Livermore Microbial Detection Array, was used to assess the microbial agents that could be associated with wild Atlantic dolphins. Blowhole, gastric, and fecal samples from 8 bottlenose dolphins were collected in Charleston, SC, as part of the dolphin assessment effort. The array detected various microbial agents from the dolphin samples. Clostridium perfringens was most prevalent in the samples surveyed using the microarray. This pathogen was also detected using microbiological culture techniques. Additionally, Campylobacter sp., Staphylococcus sp., Erwinia amylovora, Helicobacter pylori, and Frankia sp. were also detected in more than one dolphin using the microarray, but not in culture. This study provides the first survey of pathogens associated with 3 tissue types in dolphins using a broad-spectrum microbial detection microarray and expands insight on the microbial community profile in dolphins.

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Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae, a bacterium pathogenic for marine animals and humans

Cited by 197 publications

References 58 publications

Phobalysin, a Small β-Pore-Forming Toxin of Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae

Phobalysin, a Small β-Pore-Forming Toxin of Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae

Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae Major Virulence Factors Dly, Plasmid-Encoded HlyA, and Chromosome-Encoded HlyA Are Secreted via the Type II Secretion System

Pathogen surveillance in wild bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus

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