“Photobiomics”: Can Light, Including Photobiomodulation, Alter the Microbiome?

Liebert, Ann; Bicknell, Brian; Johnstone, Daniel M.; Gordon, Luke C; Kiat, Hosen; Hamblin, Michael R.

doi:10.1089/photob.2019.4628

Cited by 61 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 170 publications

(177 reference statements)

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“…The effect of PDT on the oral microbiome has been only minimally investigated. Reports based on studies in mice 54,55 and humans 56,57 have shown that photobiomodulation (therapeutical application of low levels of red and/or near-infrarated light) may positively affect the human microbiome 54 . Additionally, studies investigating the effect of antibacterial PDT on oral bacteria have shown that various photosensitizers may exercise various www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ effects on oral pathogens inducing selective biofilm inactivation 58,59 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photodynamic therapy in oral lichen planus: A prospective case-controlled pilot study

Cosgarea

Pollmann

Sharif

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a common, chronic relapsing inflammatory disorder of the mucous membranes, which causes major discomfort. Current treatment includes topical/systemic glucocorticoids, immune modulators and systemic immunosuppressants, which may lead to considerable side-effects. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical and immunological efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in OLP as an alternative, easy-to-use, safe and non-invasive treatment. Twenty patients with OLP were treated with PDT in a prospective case-controlled pilot-study. PDT was performed on the most extensive oral lesion in 4 sessions (day 1, 3, 7, 14). Peripheral blood and lesional T cells were analysed before (day 1) and after PDT treatment (day 28). PDT led to a statistically significant reduction of clinical parameters (lesion size, ABSIS, Thongprasom-score) and improvement of all evaluated quality-of-life (QOL) items. The clinical improvement was accompanied by a significant decrease of the relative number of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in mucosal OLP-lesions. Furthermore, CXCL10 plasma levels were decreased and the number of activated peripheral CD4 + CD137+ and CD8 + CD137+ T cells and IL-17-secreting T cells was diminished. PDT treatment in OLP leads to lesion reduction and improvement of QOL, and induces local and systemic anti-inflammatory effects. The study identifies PDT as a novel therapeutic option in OLP. Lichen planus (LP) is a common T cell mediated, chronic inflammatory disorder which affects the oral mucosa and causes major discomfort, its etiology is still not entirely elucidated 1-4. Oral LP (OLP) affects the buccal mucosa, tongue and gingiva, and usually presents with symmetrical, bilateral or multiple lesions 5,6. The erosive and atrophic forms may present with remarkable burning and pain sensations that restrict food intake and performance of oral hygiene measures leading to weight loss, nutritional deficiencies 7,8 , loss of teeth and function with a major impact on the quality of life (QOL). These OLP forms are often resistant to treatment 9,10 and have a higher tendency to malignant transformation 11,12. At present, topical corticosteroids are widely accepted as the primary choice of OLP therapy, but other therapeutical protocols have also been investigated, i.e. topical and systemic retinoids, calcineurin inhibitors, aloe-vera, and thalidomide 6,7,13-25. However, some of these treatment options proved to be ineffective or only partially effective 12. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) as an easy-to-use and safe treatment option induces cell and tissue damage by combining the use of a photosensitizer and light that activates the photosensitizer by exposure to low-level visible light in an appropriate wavelength. The general principle of PDT was first described in 1900 by the work of Raab and Tappeiner who evaluated the effects of acridine on malaria-causing protozoa showing a lethal effect of this combination on a species of paramecium (Infusoria) 26. They discovered the optical property of fluorescence and that...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photodynamic therapy in oral lichen planus: A prospective case-controlled pilot study

Cosgarea

Pollmann

Sharif

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…The mechanisms involved in the bene ts of IR exposure to bone health have been widely investigated. It is generally accepted that IR can effectively increase the activity of cytochrome oxidase and mitochondrial ATP production, and accelerate bone formation by increasing local vascularization and the organization of collagen bers [28,30] . However, these processes are not just manifested in bone tissue to explain the mechanism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut Microbiome-Mediated Changes in Bone Metabolism Upon Infrared Light Exposure in Rats

Yang

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background Adequate sunlight exposure helps reduce bone loss and is important to bone health. Currently, about 90% of the world population spends a major portion of daily life under artificial lighting. Unlike sunlight, LED white light, the main source of artificial lighting, has no infrared radiation, which is known to be beneficial to human health. In artificial lighting environments, infrared supplementation may be used to simulate the effects of sunlight on bone metabolism. Results Here, we supplemented white LED exposure with infrared light in normal and ovariectomized rats for three consecutive months and examined bone turnover, bone mass, and bone density. We also analyzed the structure and function of gut microbiota in the rats. Infrared supplementation significantly reduced the abundance of Saccharibacteria and increased the abundance of Clostridiaceae 1 and Erysipelotrichaceae bacteria. Our results indicate that changes in the gut microbiome correlate well with bone mass and bone metabolism.Conclusions Our work demonstrates that infrared supplementation can have a positive effect on rat bone metabolism by affecting gut microbiota. Our findings will be important considerations in the future design of healthy lighting environments that prevent or possibly ameliorate osteoporosis.

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“…In 2015, Juanita Anders (President of the American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery) and colleagues argued for the acceptance of the specific term "photobiomodulation," as opposed to say, low-level light/laser therapy, for the use of non-ionizing EM radiation (mostly visible and infrared) as adjuvant clinical therapy (e.g., wound healing, anti-inflammatory) [144]. Recently, the term "photobiomics" has been introduced to recognize the effects of light therapy on the microbiome [145]. The ideas behind this type of photomedicine (using light for clinical benefit), however, were introduced far earlier.…”

Section: Photobiomodulation Effects On Human Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photobiomodulation of the Visual System and Human Health

Buch

Hammond

2020

IJMS

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Humans express an expansive and detailed response to wavelength differences within the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. This is most clearly manifest, and most studied, with respect to a relatively small range of electromagnetic radiation that includes the visible wavelengths with abutting ultraviolet and infrared, and mostly with respect to the visual system. Many aspects of our biology, however, respond to wavelength differences over a wide range of the EM spectrum. Further, humans are now exposed to a variety of modern lighting situations that has, effectively, increased our exposure to wavelengths that were once likely minimal (e.g., “blue” light from devices at night). This paper reviews some of those biological effects with a focus on visual function and to a lesser extent, other body systems.

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“Photobiomics”: Can Light, Including Photobiomodulation, Alter the Microbiome?

Abstract: Objective: The objective of this review is to consider the dual effects of microbiome and photobiomodulation (PBM) on human health and to suggest a relationship between these two as a novel mechanism.

Cited by 61 publications

References 170 publications

Photodynamic therapy in oral lichen planus: A prospective case-controlled pilot study

Photodynamic therapy in oral lichen planus: A prospective case-controlled pilot study

Gut Microbiome-Mediated Changes in Bone Metabolism Upon Infrared Light Exposure in Rats

Photobiomodulation of the Visual System and Human Health

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