Photocatalytic Activity of Revolutionary Galaxaura elongata, Turbinaria ornata, and Enteromorpha flexuosa’s Bio-Capped Silver Nanoparticles for Industrial Wastewater Treatment

Abstract

More suitable wastewater treatment schemes need to be developed to get rid of harmful dyes and pigments before they are discharged, primarily from apparel and textile factories, into water bodies. Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) are very effective, reductive nanocatalysts that can degrade many organic dyes. In this study, Ag-NPs are stabilized and capped with bioactive compounds such as Galaxaura elongata, Turbinaria ornata, and Enteromorpha flexuosa from marine macroalgae extracts to produce Ag[GE], Ag[TE], and Ag[EE] NPs. The reduction of Ag ions and the production of Ag[GE], Ag[TE], and Ag[EE] NPs have been substantiated by UV–Vis spectroscopy, SEM, EDX, and XRD tests. The NPs are sphere and crystalline shaped in nature with dimensions ranging from 20 to 25 nm. The biosynthesized Ag[GE], Ag[TE], Ag[EE] NPs were applied to photodegrade hazardous pigments such as methylene blue, Congo red, safranine O, and crystal violet under sunlight irradiation. In addition to the stability analysis, various experimental parameters, including dye concentration, exposure period, photocatalyst dose, and temperature, were optimized to achieve 100% photodegradation of the dyes. Moreover, the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters were calculated and the impact of scavengers on the photocatalytic mechanism was also investigated.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: In vitro antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-Alzheimer potentials of innovative macroalgae bio-capped silver nanoparticles

“…The combination was left on stirrer for 24 h to be extracted and filtered by Whatman no.1 filter paper, and a 50 mL volume of extract was finally added gradually into 450 mL 10 –3 M of AgNO 3 solution. The reduction progression of Ag + to Ag 0 NPs was associated with the change in solution color from pale yellow to reddish brown (Abdel Azeem et al 2021 ).…”

“…J. Agardh var ornate toylor was collected and washed with running tap water and distilled water; they were dried at room temperature ( 25 °C) and milled by electrical mixer until turned into powder, and then the powdered were stored in dark place. Last of all Ag[TO]-NPs were created according to the methods of (Deepak et al 2017 ; Abdel Azeem et al 2021 ).…”

“…The extraction of macroalgae samples were done according to the methods of (Yousefzadi et al 2014 ; Abdel Azeem et al 2021 ). Moreover, 50 mL of E. flexuosa extract was gently added into 450 mL of 10 −3 M of AgNO 3 solution for Ag [EF]-NPs biosynthesis.…”

“…Hence, the procurement of biological, safe, available and inexpensive materials with high reducing/stabilizing potentials and production of Ag-NPs with good biological, chemical and physical properties is now a high urgency for medical field. Marine macroalgae such as Galaxaura elongata (G. elongata), Turbinaria ornata (T. ornata) and Enteromorpha flexuosa (E. flexuosa) crude extracts are innovative and promising green reducing and capping agents, and they contain various vitamins, minerals, organic and inorganic ingredients that could help human health (Pádua et al 2004 ; Rao and Boominathan 2015 ; Ramkumar et al 2017 ; Ahmed et al 2020 ; Fathy et al 2020 ; Abdelrheem et al 2021 ; Abdel Azeem et al 2021 ; Mohamed et al 2022 ).…”

Structural characterization, antioxidant and anti-uropathogenic potential of biogenic silver nanoparticles using brown seaweed Turbinaria ornata

“…Seaweed extract-mediated AgNPs were synthesized according to Azeem et al (2021) with modifications. T. ornata extract (To-AE) (5 ml) was stirred with 95 ml of 1 mM AgNo 3 solution after adjusting the pH to 10 by adding 1 M NaOH.…”