Photocatalytic Application of Polymers in Removing Pharmaceuticals from Water: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

This comprehensive review covers recent advancements in utilizing various types of polymers and their modifications as photocatalysts for the removal of pharmaceutical contaminants from water. It also considers polymers that enhance the photocatalytic properties of other materials, highlighting their dual role in improving water purification efficiency. Over the past decades, significant progress has been made in understanding the photocatalytic properties of polymers, including organic, inorganic, and composite materials, and their efficacy in degrading pharmaceuticals. Some of the most commonly used polymers, such as polyaniline, poly(p-phenylene vinylene), polyethylene oxide, and polypyrole, and their properties have been reviewed in detail. Physical modification techniques (mechanical blending and extrusion processing) and chemical modification techniques (nanocomposite formation, plasma modification techniques, surface functionalization, and cross-linking) have been discussed as appropriate for modifying polymers in order to increase their photocatalytic activity. This review examines the latest research findings, including the development of novel polymer-based photocatalysts and their application in the removal of pharmaceutical compounds, as well as optimization strategies for enhancing their performance. Additionally, challenges and future directions in this field are discussed to guide further research efforts.