“…TiO 2 film has been intensively investigated due to its great variety of applications such as photocatalysis [1,2], solar cells [3,4], sensors [5], lithium batteries [6], antimicrobial activity [7,8] as well as self-cleaning and antifogging [9][10][11]. Furthermore, compared with TiO 2 powder, the advantages of TiO 2 film, such as easy separation, recovery and high recycle rate, make for its practical application.…”