IntroductionIncreasing industrialization, worldwide population growth, and urbanization lead to a rapidly growing demand for clean water. Shortage of water resources combined with increasing contamination of water from industry, agriculture, and households requires the development of efficient technology for clean water supplies [1][2][3][4]. Photocatalysis with heterogeneous catalysts is an attractive technology of great potential for remediation of polluted water. It requires no additional chemicals and may operate with sunlight with the catalysts easily recovered and reused. However, this technology still suffers from some severe shortcomings such as low efficiency, quantum yield, use of energy by limited use of the spectral range of light, and rapid deactivation. The development of advanced photocatalysts by rational design requires an improved understanding of underlying processes regarding charge separation and transfer in the photosemiconductors, the formation of intermediates, reaction mechanisms, and proceeding deactivation processes. Despite the huge number of photocatalytic investigations, these problems remained unsolved. Common investigation methods are performed under ''ideal'' conditions in order to avoid interferences in analysis and focus on main products. In situ investigations are a key to improve the understanding of the basics of heterogeneous photocatalytic processes markedly. This contribution focuses, therefore, on in situ investigations of heterogeneous photocatalytic systems for oxidative depollution of water or related selective oxidation of organics. So far, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques play an important role both because of the achieved experimental level and added value of information about the nature of formed surface intermediates and reaction products as well as on charge separation and electron and hole formation/transfer and nature of active sites and reactive radicals present or formed during the photocatalytic reaction. Electrochemical methods for photocatalyst characterization are not included. The application of surface science methods for photocatalyst characterization [5] and new materials for heterogeneous water splitting have been reviewed in detail recently [6]. Background information achieved with common methods regarding Heterogeneous Catalysts for Clean Technology: Spectroscopy, Design, and Monitoring, First Edition. Edited