Photocatalytic Degradation of Food and Juices Dyes via Photocatalytic Nanomaterials Synthesized through Green Synthetic Route: A Systematic Review

Abstract

The unavailability of non-poisonous and hygienic food substances is the most challenging issue of the modern era. The uncontrolled usage of toxic colorant moieties in cosmetics and food manufacturing units leads to major threats to human life. The selection of environmentally benign approaches for the removal of these toxic dyes has gained the utmost attention from researchers in recent decades. This review article’s main aim is the focus on the application of green-synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) for the photocatalytic degradation of toxic food dyes. The use of synthetic dyes in the food industry is a growing concern due to their harmful effects on human health and the environment. In recent years, photocatalytic degradation has emerged as an effective and eco-friendly method for the removal of these dyes from wastewater. This review discusses the various types of green-synthesized NPs that have been used for photocatalytic degradation (without the production of any secondary pollutant), including metal and metal oxide NPs. It also highlights the synthesis methods, characterization techniques, and photocatalytic efficiency of these NPs. Furthermore, the review explores the mechanisms involved in the photocatalytic degradation of toxic food dyes using green-synthesized NPs. Different factors that responsible for the photodegradation, are also highlighted. Advantages and disadvantages, as well as economic cost, are also discussed briefly. This review will be advantageous for the readers because it covers all aspects of dyes photodegradation. The future feature and limitations are also part of this review article. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the potential of green-synthesized NPs as a promising alternative for the removal of toxic food dyes from wastewater.

Photocatalytic Degradation of Maxilon Dye Pollutants using Nano‐Architecture Functional Materials: A Review

“…In this process, When a nano‐photocatalyst is subjected to light with an energy greater than its band gap, it induces the excitation of e − from the valence band (VB) to the conduction band (CB), resulting in +ve holes (h + ) in the valence band while allowing e − without causing the NPs to disintegrate at the conduction band [8,28,29,31–40] . The surface‐adsorbed H 2 O molecules in the VB trapped the highly oxidative h + to form OH, while the adsorbed molecular O 2 scavenges e − to generate the superoxide radical anion (O 2 ⋅) [8,28,29,31–34,38,40–42] . The e − /h + charge carriers that are produced as a result then move toward the outer layer (surface).…”

“…The * OH and O 2 * radicals then attack the molecules of maxilon dye, converting them into less complex and non-toxic chemicals. [8,28,29,[31][32][33][34]36,38,39,[41][42][43][44] The degradation by this radical attack is often established or judged by the rupture of the primary carbon bonds of the dye pollutant, the disintegration of the dye pollutant aromatic ring, CÀ N bond, and C=N cleavage. [28,33,45] The plausible mechanism and stepwise equation of the explanation in the foregoing paragraph as per maxilon dye photodegradation using NPs when exposed to light are provided in Figures 2 and 3 respectively.…”

Synergistic Effect of Selenium Dioxide for Better Photocatalytic Performance of Conventional Semiconductors Distributed into Mesoporous SBA‐15

“…The dyes consumed by the aquatic organisms can produce toxic intermediates after metabolism. This process can have a negative effect on the health of humans and other mammals [9,10] . Therefore, removing these dyes before discharging them into the water resources is an important task from an environmental approach that has challenged many scientists [11–16] .…”

“…This process can have a negative effect on the health of humans and other mammals. [9,10] Therefore, removing these dyes before discharging them into the water resources is an important task from an environmental approach that has challenged many scientists. [11][12][13][14][15][16] Currently, there are reliable methods for treating contaminated and colored wastewater.…”

Mechanochemical synthesis of ionic solids based on phosphotungstic acid and triethylamine for photocatalytic dye degradation

“…The use of photocatalyst that harnesses the sunlight is one of the most effective strategies for getting rid of pollutants present in water as radiation from sun is the purest and abundant form of energy available [1,6]. Innovative high efficiency structures have been produced in this regard [7][8][9] Photocatalytic degradation of dyes is an environmentally friendly process with carbon dioxide and water as end products of the process [10].…”