“…Toluene can be effectively treated in a composite membrane bioreactor with a selected aerobic mixed culture [31] or a laboratory-scale biofilm membrane bioreactor inoculated with Burkholderia vietnamiensis G4 [32]. But, photocatalysis may cause secondary pollution during the photocatalysis degradation, various intermediates are formed and some of them can be more toxic and in some cases more persistent than the parent compound [33]; the main by-products in the gas-phase resulting from photocatalytic oxidation of toluene were benzaldehyde, methanol, acetaldehyde, acetone/propionaldehyde, formic acid/ethanol and acetic acid, benzoic acid, hydroquinone, benzylic alcohol, and cresols [34][35]. The biofilter process may run instability and slow adaptation to fluctuating concentrations in waste gas, thus decrease the VOCs removal efficiency due to environmental conditions.…”