Here,
we present the integration of a commercially available titanosilicate
zeolite with photocatalyst graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) toward the development of an effective heterojunction
photocatalyst, TCN(1-8-8). The formation of this porous heterojunction
and its structural details have been confirmed by X-ray diffraction,
N2 adsorption, electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis,
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
The visible light absorption and band structure have been determined
from diffused reflectance ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy.
For its fabrication, the contents of both the constituent materials
have been optimized systematically. Its photocatalytic activity has
been found to be impressive in the visible light-assisted degradation
of a variety of water pollutants (dyes and antibiotics) and in the
hydroxylation of phenol. Control experiments, radical scavenging/trapping
experiments, influence of the reaction environment, and photoelectrochemical
measurements have been carried out to establish the structure–activity
relationship and the plausible reaction mechanisms. The various fragmented
products, formed during the degradation of parent molecules, have
been further confirmed using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
analysis. The photocatalytic degradation of 98, 96, 95, and 92%; rate
constants of 0.0125, 0.01244, 0.0058, and 0.0040 min–1; and reduction of total organic concentrations of 63, 59, 57, and
55% for rhodamine B, sulforhodamine B, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin
have been achieved in 6 h, respectively. The activity of TCN(1-8-8)
has been observed to be better than the state-of-the-art photocatalyst
TiO2 (Degussa P25). Besides, it has also exhibited excellent
degradation activity in natural solar light. The effective adsorption
of pollutant molecules over the active surface, efficient charge separation
at the interface, migration and retardation of charge carriers recombination
process, and tailored charge-carrier dynamics in the excited state
have all been identified as reasons for the higher activity. This
study, therefore, provides a comprehensive and systematic grasp on
the development of an economical catalyst for photocatalytic hydroxylation
reaction and wastewater treatment.