Photocatalytic glucose depletion and hydrogen generation for diabetic wound healing

Abstract

High-glucose microenvironment in the diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) causes excessive glycation and induces chronic inflammation, leading to the difficulty of DFU healing. Hydrogen-rich water bath can promote the healing of DFU in clinic by virtue of the anti-inflammatory effect of hydrogen molecules, but the long-term daily soaking counts against the formation of a scab and cannot change the high-glucose microenvironment, limiting the outcome of DFU therapy. In this work, photocatalytic therapy of diabetic wound is proposed for sustainable hydrogen generation and local glucose depletion by utilizing glucose in the high-glucose microenvironment as a sacrificial agent. Hydrogen-incorporated titanium oxide nanorods are developed to realize efficient visible light (VIS)-responsive photocatalysis for glucose depletion and hydrogen generation, achieving a high efficacy of diabetic wound healing. Mechanistically, local glucose depletion and hydrogen generation jointly attenuate the apoptosis of skin cells and promote their proliferation and migration by inhibiting the synthesis of advanced glycation end products and the expression of their receptors, respectively. The proposed VIS-photocatalytic strategy provides a solution for facile, safe and efficient treatment of DFU.

Advances in Gas Therapeutics for Wound Healing: Mechanisms, Delivery Materials, and Prospects

“…In a VIS‐photocatalytic high‐glucose microenvironment, regulated and sustainable glucose depletion and H 2 production are achieved by H 2 incorporation‐endowed HTON, and the data of VIS‐photocatalytic hydrogen generation and glucose consumption are shown on Figure 10b. [ 193 ] HTON, a VIS‐responsive photocatalyst, has the proper energy band structure to use glucose as a sacrificial agent in the high‐glucose microenvironment for effective VIS‐photocatalytic hydrogen generation. Photocatalytic glucose depletion and hydrogen molecule generation inhibit the synthesis of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and the expression of their receptors (RAGE) in the diabetic wound microenvironment, respectively.…”

“…Together, these factors lessened the proapoptotic effects of elevated glucose and encouraged cell migration and proliferation to aid in the healing of diabetic wounds. [ 193 ] One study proposed a multicomponent nanoreactor (NR) inspired by natural photosynthesis. [ 194 ] The photosensitizer expands the absorption spectrum while reducing the controllable sensitivity of H 2 release.…”

Single-Cell Analysis Reveals Cxcl14+ Fibroblast Accumulation in Regenerating Diabetic Wounds Treated by Hydrogel-Delivering Carbon Monoxide

“…Diabetes is a worldwide health crisis that is increasing globally, predicted to reach 600 million by 2035. , A major complication in diabetic patients is chronic and nonhealing wounds, such as diabetic foot ulcers, which result in extensive financial and social burdens. , Endogenous gaseous signaling molecules were found to participate in many physiological and pathological processes at cell, tissue, and organ levels . Compared with chemotherapeutic method, administration of exogenous gaseous molecules demonstrated less drug resistance and less cytotoxicity toward normal cells, known as a “green” strategy with negligible side-effects. , Recently, gas therapies using biomaterial delivering carbon monoxide (CO), , nitric oxide (NO), − hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), hydrogen (H 2 ), , oxygen (O 2 ) , etc. have been applied for treating diabetic wounds.…”

The 2D van der Waals heterojunction MoC@NG@CN for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production

“…9 For photocatalysts that meet both of these requirements, e.g., g-C 3 N 4 , 10,11 ZnIn 2 S 4 , [12][13][14] MoS 2 , 15-17 TiO 2 , 18 and so on, the photocatalytic efficiency remains low due to serious recombination of photoinduced electrons and holes. [19][20][21] During photocatalysis, photogenerated electrons and holes are produced in the femtosecond (fs) range and subsequently transfer from the bulk phase to surface active sites (∼100 ps) for photocatalytic reactions with adsorbed reactants (ns to ms). 22,23 In contrast, charge recombination within (a few ps) or on the surface (tens of ns) of photocatalysts is much faster than the transfer and depletion of charges.…”