Today, according to the progression and prevalence of cancer, efforts to discover new compounds to suppress the tumor and associated with less toxicity. Metal oxide nanoparticles have wide applications in biology and biomedicine due to their unique physical and chemical properties. They have great potential in the treatment of cancer, tumor targeting in tissues, targeted drug delivery, bioimaging, gene therapy and other diagnostic and therapeutic areas. So, in this study, a simple, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly method is described for the pure and 1, 4, and 8% cobalt doped cerium oxide nanoparticles (Co-doped CeO2 NPs) using aqueous extract of Biebersteinia multifidi roots, as a recommended compound for the treatment of cancer. The morphology and size of synthesized nanoparticles were determined using PXRD, UV-Vis, FESEM, EDX, and Raman methods wherein cobalt doped cerium oxide were identified as spherical in shape with an average size of 5-10 nm. The toxicity effect of synthesized pure and Co-doped CeO2 NPs on breast cancer cell (MCF7), colon cancer cell (CaCo2), and mouse embryo fibroblast cell (NIH-3T3) lines was examined using MTT assay; cerium oxide nanoparticles were non-toxic against cancer and normal cell lines while Co-doped CeO2 NPs displayed cytotoxic effects on MCF7 and CaCo2 cell lines, except for NIH-3T3 cell line compared to doxorubicin as control. Thus, synthesized Co-doped CeO2 NPs have shown an acceptable inhibitory effect on breast and colon cancer cell lines.