Photochemical decomposition of lead halides from automobile exhaust

Pierrard, J. M.

doi:10.1021/es60024a001

Cited by 52 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…This may indicate that at least some of the carbonate was derived from, or formed as a result of reactions with, particles of anthropogenic origin, although the remainder is probably of natural origin, as shown by the presence of limestone pebbles in soil profiles. This interpretation is consistent with the findings of Ter Haar and Bayard (1971), who demonstrated that much of the PbClBr emitted as auto exhaust is converted into PbCO 3 and (PbO) 2 PbCO 3 within 18 h, possibly as a result of photolytic reactions with atmospheric CO 2 (Pierrard, 1969). At the rural sites studied, similar trends in chemical partitioning are observed at site 4 (Table 3).…”

Section: B Lead In Surface Horizonssupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Using single-extractant determinations and total concentrations, early studies established a clear correlation between the heavy metal content of roadside soil and traffic volume, road age, or proximity to a highway (Singer and Hanson, 1969;Lagerwerff and Specht, 1970;Chow, 1970;Motto etal, 1970;Page etal, 1971;Ward et al, 1977;Muskett and Jones, 1980), It was also determined that although PbBrCl is the principal component of exhaust from vehicles using leaded gasoline, it is rapidly converted into other compounds (Pierrard, 1969;Ter Haar and Bayard, 1971). However, the fate of the metal in roadside soils was less clear (Olson and Skogerboe, 1975;Zimdahl and Skogerboe, 1977;Biggins and Harrison, 1980).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sequential extraction analysis of lead in Michigan roadside soils: Mobilization in the vadose zone by deicing salts?

Howard

Sova²

1993

Journal of Soil Contamination

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Sequential extraction analysis was used to characterize the geochemical partitioning of Pb in roadside soils of the Detroit, MI area. Four soil profiles (10, 30, 60, and 100 m from road) were sampled at 15-cm intervals to a depth of 75 cm at each of five locations along an urban-rural transect. The observed concentrations increase with increasing traffic volume and proximity to the highway, indicating that vehicle emissions are the principal source of Pb. Concentrations in roadside soils of urban sites (>100,000 vehicles per 24 h) are 10 to 15 times greater than the background level of 12 to 22 mg/kg found at rural sites. Sequential extraction data show that the Pb is mainly in carbonate and oxide forms in the most heavily contaminated soils; organically bound forms tend to predominate elsewhere. Both surface and subsurface horizons of soils are polluted at urban sites where translocation in the vadose zone is suggested by elevated levels of Pb to depths of 75 cm. Mobilization is attributed primarily to partial dissolution of organic matter by excess NaCl derived from highway deicing salts and complexation of Pb with organic chelates. Mobilization appears to be occurring in soils up to 60 m from the highway at urban sites.

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Section: B Lead In Surface Horizonssupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sequential extraction analysis of lead in Michigan roadside soils: Mobilization in the vadose zone by deicing salts?

Howard

Sova²

1993

Journal of Soil Contamination

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“…This compound is known to photolytically decompose when irradiated with light below 4000 A to produce, as one product, chlorine atoms (51). Automobiles using fuels containing lead alkyls (e.g.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerochemistry of Air Pollution

Berry¹,

Lehman²

1971

Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem.

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“…In the first few years of tetraethyllead additive production, bromine was added to gasoline in the form of triethylbromine, along with carbon tetrachloride and, later, trichloroethylene. Since the early 1940s, leaded automotive gasoline has contained EDB and 1 ,ZDCA in proportion to the amount of tetraalkyllead with a molar ratio of Pb:Cl:Br of 1:2:1 (Hirschler et al 1957;Momss et al 1958;Working Group on Lead Contamination 1965;Pierrard 1969;Robbins and Snitz 1972;Otto and Montreuil 1976;Leinster et al 1978;Jacobs 1980;Williamson et al 1980;Lane 1980;Pignatello and Cohen 1990;Alexeeff et al 1990, Thomas et al 1997. Since the early 1940s, leaded automotive gasoline has contained EDB and 1 ,ZDCA in proportion to the amount of tetraalkyllead with a molar ratio of Pb:Cl:Br of 1:2:1 (Hirschler et al 1957;Momss et al 1958;Working Group on Lead Contamination 1965;Pierrard 1969;Robbins and Snitz 1972;Otto and Montreuil 1976;Leinster et al 1978;Jacobs 1980;Williamson et al 1980;Lane 1980;Pignatello and Cohen 1990;Alexeeff et al 1990, Thomas et al 1997.…”

Section: History Of Leaded Gasoline Additivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potential for Ground Water Contamination by the Gasoline Lead Scavengers Ethylene Dibromide and 1,2‐Dichloroethane

Falta

2004

Groundwater Monitoring Rem

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Ethylene dibromide (EDB) is a synthetic organic chemical that was produced in large amounts for use as a leaded gasoline additive and pesticide. The chlorinated solvent 1,2‐dichlorethane (1,2‐DCA) is widely used in the chemical industry, and was also added to leaded gasoline. EDB and 1,2‐DCA are classified as probable human carcinogens by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), and EDB's use as a pesticide was suspended in 1984. The current U.S. EPA maximum contaminant level (MCL) for EDB in drinking water is 0.05 μg/L, and the MCL for 1,2‐DCA is 5 μg/L. EDB has proven to be both mobile and persistent in ground water, and contamination of ground water by EDB was documented in several states beginning in the early 1980s. The majority of this contamination is attributed to agricultural uses of EDB; however, ∼90% of the EDB produced was used as a leaded gasoline additive and it was present in virtually all leaded gasoline sold in the United States. 1,2‐DCA is commonly found as a ground water contaminant, and it is both mobile and persistent. Past investigations and remediation efforts at sites contaminated by leaded gasoline have rarely addressed the potential for EDB or 1,2‐DCA contamination. For this reason, there is a substantial likelihood that undetected EDB and 1,2‐DCA plumes above the MCL may exist at many sites where leaded gasoline leaked or spilled.

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Photochemical decomposition of lead halides from automobile exhaust

Cited by 52 publications

References 20 publications

Sequential extraction analysis of lead in Michigan roadside soils: Mobilization in the vadose zone by deicing salts?

Sequential extraction analysis of lead in Michigan roadside soils: Mobilization in the vadose zone by deicing salts?

Aerochemistry of Air Pollution

The Potential for Ground Water Contamination by the Gasoline Lead Scavengers Ethylene Dibromide and 1,2‐Dichloroethane

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