Photochromic Rhodamines Provide Nanoscopy with Optical Sectioning

Fölling, Jonas; Belov, Vladimir N.; Kunetsky, R.; Medda, Rebecca; Schönle, Andreas; Egner, Alexander; Eggeling, Christian; Bossi, Mariano L.; Hell, Stefan W.

doi:10.1002/ange.200702167

Cited by 93 publications

(125 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…1A), which can promote a specific metal cation-induced spirolactam ring-opening (Fig. 1B) (35,61), even through this process is somewhat dependent on the solvent (40,44). In most cases, the selectivity of the spirolactam-based probes is sufficient to easily discriminate, e.g., other (bivalent) cations from the target metal ion by several orders of magnitude in terms of fluorescence intensity enhancement (e.g., for Cu 2ϩ probe, see …”

Section: Mechanism For Fluorescence Enhancement During Probe-metal Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping of Heavy Metal Ion Sorption to Cell-Extracellular Polymeric Substance-Mineral Aggregates by Using Metal-Selective Fluorescent Probes and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy

Hao

Kappler

et al. 2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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b Biofilms, organic matter, iron/aluminum oxides, and clay minerals bind toxic heavy metal ions and control their fate and bioavailability in the environment. The spatial relationship of metal ions to biomacromolecules such as extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in biofilms with microbial cells and biogenic minerals is complex and occurs at the micro-and submicrometer scale. Here, we review the application of highly selective and sensitive metal fluorescent probes for confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) that were originally developed for use in life sciences and propose their suitability as a powerful tool for mapping heavy metals in environmental biofilms and cell-EPS-mineral aggregates (CEMAs). The benefit of using metal fluorescent dyes in combination with CLSM imaging over other techniques such as electron microscopy is that environmental samples can be analyzed in their natural hydrated state, avoiding artifacts such as aggregation from drying that is necessary for analytical electron microscopy. In this minireview, we present data for a group of sensitive fluorescent probes highly specific for Fe 3؉ , Cu 2؉ , Zn 2؉ , and Hg 2؉ , illustrating the potential of their application in environmental science. We evaluate their application in combination with other fluorescent probes that label constituents of CEMAs such as DNA or polysaccharides and provide selection guidelines for potential combinations of fluorescent probes. Correlation analysis of spatially resolved heavy metal distributions with EPS and biogenic minerals in their natural, hydrated state will further our understanding of the behavior of metals in environmental systems since it allows for identifying bonding sites in complex, heterogeneous systems. Biofilms are the dominant form of microbial life on Earth (1), and the organic material that is present in biofilms significantly impacts the cycling and sequestration of toxic heavy metals in the environment (2, 3). The underlying sorption and complexation mechanisms are difficult to evaluate (4), since biofilms are highly dynamic and complex structures that consist of diverse biomacromolecules (5) and the in situ heavy metal distributions are readily influenced by common invasive analysis approaches such as sequential extractions for the determination of different metal fractions. Here, we introduce a promising approach for studying the distribution and sorption of heavy metals in biofilms and cell-extracellular polymeric substance (EPS)-mineral aggregates (CEMAs) under close-to-natural conditions using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) in combination with highly selective metal ion-sensitive fluorescence probes. This approach is frequently used for metal detection in cell biology but was rarely applied in environmental and geomicrobiology research due to a former lack of highly selective fluorescence probes and due to the complexity of environmental biofilms and CEMAs.Biofilms are mainly composed of water, microorganisms, and an EPS matrix (6) that consists of mostly polysacchari...

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Section: Mechanism For Fluorescence Enhancement During Probe-metal Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping of Heavy Metal Ion Sorption to Cell-Extracellular Polymeric Substance-Mineral Aggregates by Using Metal-Selective Fluorescent Probes and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy

Hao

Kappler

et al. 2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…In biplane PALM (BP-PALM), the z-position of a fluorophore between the two focal planes is computed by fitting a three-dimensional model of the PSF to the two images of this fluorophore (Juette et al 2008). Axial sectioning can also be achieved by using two-photon excitation (Fölling et al 2007) or interferometric designs (iPALM) (Shtengel et al 2009). In iPALM, two opposing objectives collect photons emitted by the fluorophores in an interferometric fashion, as in 4Pi microscopy.…”

Section: Localization-based Super-resolution Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Organic dyes can also exhibit a reversible photoswitching mechanism suitable for super-resolution imaging, including photochromic rhodamines (Fölling et al 2007) and cyanine dyes, which were employed in the first STORM experiment (Rust et al 2006). Photoswitchable dyes are much brighter than fluorescent proteins, but their application in living cells is restricted because they may not be able to traverse the plasma membrane.…”

Section: Fluorophoresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical imaging of nanoscale cellular structures

Hedde

Nienhaus

2010

Biophys Rev

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“…Unfortunately, the lifetime of the ring-open Rh-O is very short, only a few milliseconds in polar solvents. Because of short lifetime and low quantum efficiency of the photoinduced reaction, few investigations [26][27][28][29] were aimed at the photochromic properties of rhodamine amides over the next 30 years. However, recent progress suggested that metal complex (RhM-C, Scheme 1) of rhodamine B salicylaldehyde hydrazine [30] Effective restriction [23,31,32] on the intramolecular rotation of AIE-active luminogens is the main mechanism behind AIE phenomenon.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light-Up of Rhodamine Hydrazide to Generate Emissive Initiator for Polymerization and to Afford Photochromic Polypeptide Metal Complex

Gao

Huang

et al. 2017

Polymers

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Ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of cyclic peptide monomer of γ-propargyl-L-glutamate N-carboxyanhydride (PLG-NCA) was originally initiated by non-emissive, ring-close rhodamine 6G hydrazide (R-C). However, instantaneously after adding PLG-NCA to R-C, the spirolactam ring of R-C was opened by PLG-NCA, rendering emissive, ring-open R-O to initiate ROP of PLG-NCA. The emissive R-O moiety therefore produced fluorescent R-PLG with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties. Moreover, R-PLG was found to exhibit photochromic properties with good fatigue resistance and long lifetime when forming metal complexes with Sn(II) and Fe(III). In the dark, irradiated metal complexes slowly (~50 min) restored to the initial state. This research provides foundation for the development of new photochromic materials with long lifetime.

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Photochromic Rhodamines Provide Nanoscopy with Optical Sectioning

Cited by 93 publications

References 16 publications

Mapping of Heavy Metal Ion Sorption to Cell-Extracellular Polymeric Substance-Mineral Aggregates by Using Metal-Selective Fluorescent Probes and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy

Mapping of Heavy Metal Ion Sorption to Cell-Extracellular Polymeric Substance-Mineral Aggregates by Using Metal-Selective Fluorescent Probes and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy

Optical imaging of nanoscale cellular structures

Light-Up of Rhodamine Hydrazide to Generate Emissive Initiator for Polymerization and to Afford Photochromic Polypeptide Metal Complex

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