“…Such strategies include TiO 2 doping (Abdullah, Khan, Ong, & Yaakob, 2017), formation of disordered surface layers (Yan, Liu, Ding, et al, 2015), surface modification with quantum dots (Li et al, 2015), plasmonic noble metal NPs (Kumar & Rao, 2017) and organic ligands (Verma, Ghosh, Das, & Ghosh, 2011). The modification of TiO 2 NPs with various organic ligands is a promising photocurrent amplification strategy (Valverde‐Aguilar et al, 2014; Verma et al, 2011; Wang, Xu, & Chen, 2009) due to its relative ease of implementation and effective photoenhancement.…”