Photodegradation behaviour of multiclass ultraviolet filters in the aquatic environment: Removal strategies and photoproduct identification by liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry

Celeiro, María; Facorro, Rocio; Dagnac, Thierry; Vilar, Vítor J.P.; Llompart, Marı́a

doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2019.02.065

Cited by 25 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…37 Another product of this proposed reaction, 2ethylhexanol, has been reported elsewhere. 54 TP-194 was another product of this transformation route, once documented as a rat urine metabolite but appeared as a novel photoproduct, as revealed by the current study.…”

Section: Proposed Transformation Pathway Of Ehmcsupporting

confidence: 55%

“…36 Curiously, TP-194 was once documented as a rat urine metabolite, hydroxy-4-methoxycinnamate. 54 Furthermore, TP-306 and TP-322 were identified as monohydroxylated and dihydroxylated EHMC, respectively. It is hypothesized that the former resulted from a single hydroxylation event, probably at the ortho-position of the methoxy group, as suggested by the diagnostic MS 2 fragments (Table S7).…”

Section: Representative Tps: Tp-136 Tp-194 Tp-306 Tp-322 and Tp-580mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identification of Transformation Products of Organic UV Filters by Photooxidation and Their Differential Estrogenicity Assessment

Lu,

Chow,

Sun

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Organic ultraviolet filters (OUVFs) are extensively released into aquatic environments, where they undergo complex phototransformation. However, there is little knowledge regarding their transformation products (TPs) and associated endocrine disruption potentials. In the present study, we characterized the chemical and toxicological profiles of TPs for two common OUVFs, oxybenzone (BP3) and ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC), by photooxidation under environmentally relevant conditions. It is hypothesized that TPs of the tested OUVFs will show varied estrogenicity at different reaction times. High-resolution liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) identified 17 TPs of 7 m/z for BP-3 and 13 TPs of 8 m/z for EHMC at confidence levels ≤2. Five novel TPs of 2 m/z were reported for the first time with structure-diagnostic MS/MS spectra. Estrogenicity assessment using the MCF-7-luc cell line showed discrepant estrogenic activities exhibited by OUVF-TPs over time. Specifically, BP3-TPs exhibited significantly greater estrogenicity than the parent at several reaction times, whereas EHMC-TPs displayed fluctuating estrogenicity with a declining trend. Correlation analysis coupled with molecular docking simulations further suggested several TPs of BP3 as potential endocrine disruptive compounds. These findings underscore the necessity of considering mixtures during chemical testing and risk assessment and highlight the potentially greater risks associated with post-transformation cocktails.

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Section: Proposed Transformation Pathway Of Ehmcsupporting

confidence: 55%

Section: Representative Tps: Tp-136 Tp-194 Tp-306 Tp-322 and Tp-580mentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Transformation Products of Organic UV Filters by Photooxidation and Their Differential Estrogenicity Assessment

Lu,

Chow,

Sun

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Photodegradation of 21 multiclass UV filters was the subject of a study by Celeiro et al 198 LC−MS/MS and SPME-GC− MS/MS were used to monitor their degradation by UVA, UVC, UVA-TiO 2 , and UVC/H 2 O 2 . UVC degraded most UV filters more than UVA, with yields >90% after 60 min of exposure in pure water.…”

Section: Analytical Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Analysis: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues

2019

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“…It is worthwhile noting that the concentration ranking found here in bathing water does not only reflect the proportions of usage in products but also the respective fate and persistence times of these chemicals in the marine system (Table 2). The photodegradation of OCR, OMC ad BMDBM in seawater was reported by Celeiro et al [35]. The authors measured half‐life values of >60 min for OC and OMC and 5 min for BMDBM.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 72%

UV filter occurrence in beach water of the Mediterranean coast – A field survey over 2 years in Palavas‐les‐Flots, France

Thallinger,

Labille,

Milinkovitch

et al. 2023

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

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ObjectiveA 2‐year sampling campaign was realized on French Mediterranean beach (Palavas‐les‐Flots Hérault) in order to measure the concentration of UV filters released from the sunscreen used by bathers. Multiple factors suspected of playing determining roles in the UV filter pattern in water were explored, such as the seasonal and daily time evolutions, or the vertical and horizontal distributions, and they were regarded through the UV filter characteristics.MethodsThe beach was monitored during periods of high and low tourist attendance, typically before, during and after the summer peak. The beachgoers attendance was counted. Bathing water was sampled distinctly from the bulk column and from the top surface layer, testing different sampling tools. Sediments and mussels were also sampled and analysed as potential UV filter sinks. Three organic UV filters (octocrylene OCR, avobenzone BMDBM and octyl methoxycinnamate OMC) and one mineral (titanium dioxide TiO2) were studied here as representatives of the current cosmetic market.ResultsSummer peak attendance on the beach was confirmed associated with peak levels of UV filter concentration in the bathing water, even more pronounced during a heat wave period. This relation was also observed at day scale with an afternoon peak, suggesting a rapid evolution of the UV filter pattern in water. Contrasted fates were measured between the four studied UV filters, that could be mainly explained by their respective characteristics, i.e. particulate or dissolved, hydrophilic or lipophilic, lifetime. Generally, this resulted in a concentration ranking TiO2 > OCR > OMC > BMDBM, ranging from 0.5 to 500 μg/L. The most lipophilic and recalcitrant OCR was found most vertically differentiated and over concentrated in the top surface layer of water. Finally, a large horizontal heterogeneity was also observed in the UV filter concentration pattern, raising the need for sample replicates that cover a significant area.ConclusionThis work fulfils some knowledge gaps on the issue of UV filter release in coastal environments, not only by providing original field data and methodological recommendations but also importantly in the comparison made of organic and mineral UV filters, which are often considered separately and rarely evaluated at the same time.

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Photodegradation behaviour of multiclass ultraviolet filters in the aquatic environment: Removal strategies and photoproduct identification by liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry

Cited by 25 publications

References 39 publications

Identification of Transformation Products of Organic UV Filters by Photooxidation and Their Differential Estrogenicity Assessment

Identification of Transformation Products of Organic UV Filters by Photooxidation and Their Differential Estrogenicity Assessment

Water Analysis: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues

UV filter occurrence in beach water of the Mediterranean coast – A field survey over 2 years in Palavas‐les‐Flots, France

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