Photodynamic Agents as Tools for Cell Biology

Comparison of the methylene blue and toluidine blue photobactericidal efficacy against gram‐positive and gram‐negative microorganisms

“…All phenothiazine dyes, especially TB, are considered effective membrane-destructive photodynamic agents [24,25]. They bind to the polyphosphates of the outside membrane and produce molecular damage to lipids and proteins, including membrane-bound enzymes.…”

“…They bind to the polyphosphates of the outside membrane and produce molecular damage to lipids and proteins, including membrane-bound enzymes. Therefore, the photodynamic reactivity of the membrane-speci®c dyes should increase with their hydrophobicity [24]. Based on this assumption, we would expect TB to be a more effective membraneattacking photosensitizer than MB.…”

HEMATOPORPHYRIN and HPD: PHOTOPHYSICS, PHOTOCHEMISTRY and PHOTOTHERAPY

“…More detailed papers on the general topic of photosensitization have recently been published by Spikes (1982Spikes ( . 1983 and by Ito (1983).…”

Photomodification of Biological Membranes With Emphasis on Singlet Oxygen Mechanisms

“…Membrane photomodification has been included in a number of more general reviews which may be of interest to the reader including reviews of mechanisms of photosensitization (Girotti, 1983), photosensitizers in cell biology (Ito, 1983), mammalian cell photomodification (Spikes, 1983a), porphyrins in model cell systems (Spikes, 1983b), photodynamic cell killing (Pooler and Valenzeno, 1981), chlorpromazine photosensitized damage (Kochevar, 1981) and a review of molecular excited states in micellar systems (Lindig and Rodgers, 1980).…”