Photodynamic and Its Concomitant Ion‐Interference Synergistic Therapies Based on Functional Hierarchically Mesoporous MOFs

Abstract

peroxide, the decrease of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity as well as the enhancement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and finally cell apoptosis. [3] Meanwhile, as basic components in human metabolism, PAs take the advantages of high biocompatibility and low systemic toxicity. [4] Unfortunately, the direct adoption of PAs (e.g., phosphate compounds) for in vivo therapies is usually prohibited by their high therapeutic dosage, short internal circulation, and nonselective cytotoxicity. [5] Thus, it is of great significance to explore an ideal PAs donor to tackle these issues.Despite that black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) have been extensively applied in cancer treatment thanks to their unique biocompatibility and photothermal effects, the exploration of their potential as ions donor is still in infancy. [6] Under the stimulation of oxidative stress, ultra-small BPQDs could be degraded spontaneously to release PAs, realizing their efficient conversion from NPs to ions. [7] However, since the endogenous oxidative stimuli often vary with cell types and physical distribution, the conversion of BPQDs into ions in the intracellular environment is generally slow and uncontrollable, finally impairing their therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, it is necessary to screen a suitable exogenous stimulus to achieve controllable degradation of BPQDs. It is well documented that photodynamic therapy (PDT), by combining photosensitizers (PSs) and light, could produce ROS on demand. [8] This inspires us to integrate PSs and BPQDs into one entity to achieve lighttriggered PDT and its concomitant synergistic IIT.Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are regarded as one of the promising drug delivery platforms thanks to their tailorable pore sizes, high surface areas, and multi-functional frameworks. [9] Interestingly, by coupling the Hofmeister effect with the structure directing agent of triblock copolymers, hierarchically mesoporous MOFs (HMMOFs) were recently reported, which not only inherited the merits of traditional MOFs, but also contained continuous and accessible large mesopores. [10] Although such large mesopores are generally competent for the adsorption of bulky molecules such as enzymes (soft NPs with diameter of several nanometers), the related works about the immobilization of hard NPs (e.g., quantum dots) within Although ion-interference therapy (IIT) has become an intriguing option for cancer treatment, the generation of interference ions on-demand remains a challenge. Herein, a nanoplatform based on hierarchically mesoporous metal-organic frameworks (HMMOFs) is adopted to integrate black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) and meso-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl) porphine (TCPP) to realize controllable phosphate anions (PAs) production in a specific cancerous region for IIT. The uniform large mesopores of HMMOFs could guarantee the selective screening and immobilization of ultra-small and monodispersed BPQDs. The TCPP in microporous domains of HMMOFs could effectively produce 1 O 2 , which not only serves as photose...

Metal–Organic Framework Nanomaterials as a Medicine for Catalytic Tumor Therapy: Recent Advances

“…The pore structure of MOFs can be strategically designed to encapsulate and regulate the release rate of drug molecules, enhancing drug stability and mitigating toxic side effects. This renders MOFs a promising DD platform for various cancer therapies [43][44][45]. MOF-based drug delivery can be broadly categorized into three main routes: 1) direct encapsulation of the drug within the pores; 2) covalent coupling of the drug and ligand; 3) drug release from MOFs via a trigger-mediated process [46,47].…”

A dual-nanozyme-loaded black phosphorus multifunctional therapeutic platform for combined photothermal/photodynamic/starvation cancer therapy

“…Fortunately, using superoxide dismutase (SOD), tumor cells will produce a large amount of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), which provides a window for alleviating tumor hypoxia. 31,32 Using catalase to catalyze H 2 O 2 to produce oxygen in situ at tumor sites is considered to be an effective method to alleviate tumor hypoxia. Therefore, the introduction of catalase in photodynamic therapy and starvation therapy can effectively solve the problem of tumor hypoxia and improve the therapeutic effect.…”