Photodynamic therapy: A targeted literature review focussing on outcomes and optimisation in solid organ transplant recipients

Abstract

Squamous cell carcinoma incidence is 65-to 250fold in solid organ transplant recipients, BCC is 10fold and in Australia, rates of skin cancer in solid organ transplant recipients reach 70-82% prevalence within the first 20 years; hence, effective, evidence-based treatment of early and precancerous lesions is an essential tool in dermatological patient care. Photodynamic therapy is used to treat a range of conditions including actinic keratoses, squamous cell carcinoma in situ, superficial basal cell carcinoma and nodular basal cell carcinoma. A literature review was undertaken to examine the outcomes of photodynamic therapy in solid organ transplant recipients and methods of optimising outcomes in solid organ transplant recipients. Study sizes were small and protocols varied widely, so meta-analysis was not possible; however, photodynamic therapy appears to be an acceptable treatment for approved indications in solid organ transplant recipients in whom ongoing surveillance is maintained to ensure clearance and detect recurrence. Methods for improving efficacy were also reviewed for this population. Improved outcomes may be achieved by combining photodynamic therapy with other local methods such as 5-fluorouracil or ablative fractional laser.

Membranes for the life sciences and their future roles in medicine

“…Generally, the cells in organs can have a certain repair ability except for cardiomyocytes, but once irreversible damage has occurred, losing most of the function of an organ, artificial medicine or surgical repair is the only method. Current treatments mainly include stem cell transplants [7] , organ transplants [8] and artificial organs. However, stem cell and organ transplants always face the major challenge that there is usually a serious mismatch between the donor and the recipient after transplantation.…”

Photodynamic Therapy for Basal Cell Carcinoma: The Clinical Context for Future Research Priorities

“…Solid organ transplant recipients experience an increased risk of BCC of at least tenfold [101][102][103]. PDT is an option to treat these BCC, and, in view of the likelihood of repeated treatments, alternatives to surgery are of interest as a means of reducing adverse effects from the treatment and preserving the functionality and cosmesis [101][102][103]. PDT is an acceptable treatment for low-risk BCC in these patients, but, if used, ongoing surveillance is indicated to detect possible recurrences early [103].…”

“…PDT is an option to treat these BCC, and, in view of the likelihood of repeated treatments, alternatives to surgery are of interest as a means of reducing adverse effects from the treatment and preserving the functionality and cosmesis [101][102][103]. PDT is an acceptable treatment for low-risk BCC in these patients, but, if used, ongoing surveillance is indicated to detect possible recurrences early [103]. In a retrospective study of 322 BCC in 23 solid organ transplant recipients and 80 nontransplant patients, recurrence was observed in 22.6% of transplant recipients versus 15.2% of nontransplant patients, although no significant difference was found between the two groups [104].…”

Rational Molecular Designing of Aggregation-Enhanced Emission (AEE) Active Red-Emitting Iridium(III) Complexes: Effect of Lipophilicity and Nanoparticle Encapsulation on Photodynamic Therapy Efficacy

“…However, in the presence of light, PSs will be selectively excited, and the excited PSs will interact with the cellular substrates or oxygen to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). These ROS are highly reactive to interact and kill the cancerous cells. − …”