Photodynamic therapy efficiently controls dermatophytosis caused by<i>Trichophyton rubrum</i>in a murine model

Baltazar, Ludmila Matos; Werneck, Silvia Maria Cordeiro; Carneiro, Hellem Cristina Silva; Gouveia, Ludmila Ferreira; Paula, Talles Prosperi de; Byrro, Ricardo Martins Duarte; Silva-Cunha, Armando; Soares, Betânia Maria; Ferreira, Marta Araújo Tavares; Souza, Danielle G.; Pinotti, Marcos; Cisalpino, P.S.; Santos, Danielle Anjos dos

doi:10.1111/bjd.13494

Cited by 24 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…As T. rubrum does not naturally infect non‐human species, the development of an animal model is not fully relevant . Despite those limitations, in vivo models of T. rubrum dermatophytosis using guinea pig or mouse have been reported, but the protocols required multiple application of spores or abrasive treatments to initiate some cutaneous infection. Those in vivo models yielded useful information about pathogenic mechanisms, such as the role of fungal keratinases, about immune responses of the host, and allowed testing of antifungal compounds .…”

Section: In Vitro Models Of Dermatophytosismentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro models of dermatophyte infection to investigate epidermal barrier alterations

Faway

Rouvroit

Poumay

2018

Experimental Dermatology

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Dermatophytosis is a superficial fungal infection of keratinized structures caused by specific filamentous fungi named dermatophytes. In humans, the incidence of dermatophytosis is elevated and continuously increasing, rendering it a public health concern. The pathogeny of dermatophytosis remains poorly understood, partly due to the difficulties to set up a relevant model allowing the study of both the invasion of keratinized structures by fungi, and its impact on host tissue architecture and functions. Recently, the development of human cultured skin equivalents has led to some advances. This review aims to summarize current knowledge about dermatophytosis and then focuses on in vitro models to investigate the alterations of the epidermal barrier in response to fungal infection. | DERMATOPHY TOS IS AND DERMATOPHY TE SDermatophytosis is an infection of superficial keratinized epidermal layers, as well as hairs and nails, which is caused by keratinolytic filamentous fungi named dermatophytes.[1] Numerous dermatophyte species are grouped according to their ecological Genome sequencing, especially analysis of the polymorphisms inside the variable rDNA regions known as internal transcribed spacers (ITS), has provided phylogenetic criteria for improved species identification.[4] A revised classification of dermatophytes was proposed, [5][6][7] based on DNA sequences of five different loci, including ITS, on morphology and physiology in culture, and on geo-, zoo-or anthropophilic ecology (Table 1). This review is concerned with anthropophilic and zoophilic dermatophytes frequently responsible for human infections.Dermatophytosis is responsible for 3%-4% of dermatological cases and is the most common fungal infection in humans, with a prevalence estimated around 20%-25%. [8,9] In addition, its prevalence is continuously raising due to increased risk factors such as sport activities, type 2 diabetes, vascular diseases or ageing. Modern mobility further increases the dissemination of anthropophilic dermatophytes that extend in previously poorly affected geographical areas. [10,11] Among the species capable of infecting human skin,Trichophyton rubrum is the most frequently involved, being responsible for 50%-90% of dermatophytoses in humans. [9,12] The annual health expense cost of dermatophytosis is estimated to more than 500 million of US dollars.[13] | Dermatophyte infections induce various clinical picturesThe clinical signs of dermatophytosis result from both the degradation of keratinized tissues caused by fungal processes, as well as from the specific immune response of the infected host.Zoophilic species, probably less adapted to human hosts, generate more severe inflammatory responses than anthropophilic species. [6,14] Usual signs include dryness, desquamation, cracks and erythema of the skin of the feet, scalp or other body locations.Infections in hairless areas and nails, principally due to Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton interdigitale, are the most frequent in industrialized countries. Scalp infections, ...

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Section: In Vitro Models Of Dermatophytosismentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro models of dermatophyte infection to investigate epidermal barrier alterations

Faway

Rouvroit

Poumay

2018

Experimental Dermatology

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“…Their common feature is an application of a photo‐reactive substance that is subsequently in situ transformed into an antimicrobial agent by irradiation. Known photochemical inhibitors of fungi comprise toluidine blue, methylene blue, derivates of porphyrins, 5‐aminolevulinic acid, phthalocyanines and phenothiaziniums . Recently, curcumin also showed very promising photochemical effects .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…Known photochemical inhibitors of fungi comprise toluidine blue, methylene blue, derivates of porphyrins, 5‐aminolevulinic acid, phthalocyanines and phenothiaziniums . Recently, curcumin also showed very promising photochemical effects . In our group, we had previously verified marked photochemical effects of curcumin on conidia and on hyphal elements of various dermatophytes .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Clinical isolates of Trichophyton rubrum are completely inhibited by photochemical treatment with a γ‐cyclodextrin formulation of curcuminoids

Brasch

Beck-Jendroschek

Walther

et al. 2020

Mycoses

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Summary Introduction It was shown previously that dermatophytes can markedly be inhibited by a photochemical treatment with curcumin. This kind of photo‐inactivation needs to be improved, however, because curcumin is poorly water‐soluble. Therefore, a new water‐soluble γ‐cyclodextrin formulation of curcuminoids was tested for its photochemical inactivation of Trichophyton (T.) rubrum. Materials and methods Conidia were harvested from 6 typical strains of T rubrum and used to inoculate wells of microtiter plates. These wells were also filled with a γ‐cyclodextrin curcuminoid formulation with 0.1% DMSO and Sabouraud broth. The assays were then irradiated with visible light (wavelength 420 nm, 45 J/cm2). After 24 hours, curcuminoid was added once more, and irradiation was repeated. Fungal growth was monitored photometrically for 8 days and compared with controls. Results Growth of all 6 T rubrum strains was completely inhibited by the photochemical treatment with the γ‐cyclodextrin formulation of curcuminoids. The same curcuminoid formulation applied without irradiation had only a minor inhibitory effect. Discussion Photo‐inactivation of dermatophytes with a γ‐cyclodextrin formulation of curcuminoids plus visible light is a very promising procedure with potential for a new treatment of patients with superficial tinea.

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Section: T Mentagrophytes T Rubrum and T Tonsuransmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After establishing the model of dermatophytosis by T. rubrum, Baltazar et al 15 and Gasparoto et al 16 reinforced the reproducibility of the model, even using animals with different backgrounds, i.e., C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, respectively. Baltazar et al 15 treated T. rubrum infection with photodynamic therapy, demonstrating that diode emission at 630 nm and toluidine blue reduced the fungal burden in the skin compared to the level seen in the untreated control. In the same manner, Gasparoto et al 16 showed that 2-(benzylideneamino)phenol (3A3), a new aldimine compound, was as efficient as itraconazole in reducing the fungal burden on the skin of mice, which is encouraging for future clinical investigations.…”

Section: T Mentagrophytes T Rubrum and T Tonsuransmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspective on animal models of dermatophytosis caused byTrichophyton rubrum

Baltazar

Santos

2015

Virulence

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Photodynamic therapy efficiently controls dermatophytosis caused byTrichophyton rubrumin a murine model

Cited by 24 publications

References 12 publications

In vitro models of dermatophyte infection to investigate epidermal barrier alterations

In vitro models of dermatophyte infection to investigate epidermal barrier alterations

Clinical isolates of Trichophyton rubrum are completely inhibited by photochemical treatment with a γ‐cyclodextrin formulation of curcuminoids

Perspective on animal models of dermatophytosis caused byTrichophyton rubrum

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