The
development of a photocatalyst with remarkable activity to
degrade pollutants in aqueous and gas phase requires visible light-responsive
stable materials, easily organized in the form of a thin layer (to
exclude the highly expensive separation step). In this work, we present
a one-step strategy for synthesizing material in the form of a self-organized
TiO2/Ag2O nanotube (NT) array interlaced with
silver nanoparticles (as in a cake with raisins) that exhibited photoactivity
significantly enhanced compared to that of pristine TiO2 NTs under both ultraviolet (UV) and visible (vis) irradiation. An
NT array composed of a mixture of TiO2 and Ag2O and spiked with Ag nanoparticles was formed via the anodization
of a Ti–Ag alloy in a one-step reaction. Silver NPs have been
formed during the in situ generation of Ag ions and
were (i) embedded in the NT walls, (ii) stuck on the external NT walls,
and (iii) placed inside the NTs. The enhancement of photocatalytic
efficiency can be ascribed to the existence of an optimal content
of Ag2O and Ag NPs, which are responsible for decreasing
the number of recombination centers. In contrast to UV–vis
light, performance improvement under vis irradiation occurs with increasing
Ag2O and Ag0 contents in the TiO2/Ag2O/Ag NTs as a result of the utilization of larger
amounts of incident photons. The optimized samples reached phenol
degradation rates of 0.50 and 2.89 μmol dm–3 min–1 under visible and UV light, respectively,
which means degradation activities 3.8- and 2-fold greater than that
of the reference sample, respectively, remained after four photodegradation
cycles under UV light.