“…In the 1990s, conducting polymer-based chemical sensors and biosensors were mostly based on electrochemical signal transduction [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. Today, electrochemical sensors continue to dominate , although optical signal transduction has gained more interest in recent years [32,36,40,42,51,55,61,62].…”