“…Unfortunately, the grafting conditions used in the first method are usually harsh and, consequently, are not applicable for numerous fragile functional structures. In contrast, the second one involves often mild procedures (e.g., aminolysis) to attach the functionality after the grafting step and has been successfully applied to the attachment of numerous biological materials, such as DNA, ,,,,,, proteins, ,,,, and enzyme, organic polymers, − ,,, and polyoxometalates . Moreover, another advantage is that the functionalization step takes place on usually well-ordered monolayers while the one-step attachment of ω -substituted 1-alkenes can produce both less ordered and less passivating monolayers, particularly in the case where the ω -substituent is sterically hindered.…”