Photoelectron emission and XPS studies of real iron surfaces subjected to scratching in air, water, and organic liquids

Momose, Yoshihiro; Tsuruya, Keika; Sakurai, Takao; Nakayama, Keiji

doi:10.1002/sia.5942

Cited by 17 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…1 in Ref. [7]. The PE glow curves that were obtained in the Up1 scans were found to be strongly affected by the environment in which scratching was performed, while those that were obtained in the other scans exhibited a similar behavior and were almost environment-independent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…The results of the standard XPS measurements were previously reported in detail only for samples cleaned in acetone [5] and scratched in the different environments [7]. Here, we briefly describe the XPS analysis of the scratched samples.…”

Section: Thermally Assisted Pe and Xpsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…We have also previously reported PE and XPS results for scratched real iron surfaces [7], which we briefly summarize here. The metal surfaces were scratched using a diamond cutter, in seven environments: air, water, methanol, ethanol, acetone, benzene, and cyclohexane.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Here, we briefly describe the XPS analysis of the scratched samples. XPS was performed at 25 °C after the PE wavelength scan from 300 nm to 200 nm at 25 °C , and after cooling to 25 °C following the wavelength scans from 300 nm to 200 nm at 200 °C and 339 °C [7]. The XPS measurements were conducted once for each experimental condition.…”

Section: Thermally Assisted Pe and Xpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The O1s spectra were resolved by curve-fitting using the Gaussian function, into two main components that were attributed to the hydroxyl (OH ), and Fe metal using the Gaussian and Lorentzian functions and the peak shape analysis method of Hesse et al [8]. From the temperature dependence of the Fe3p and Fe2p spectra, the resolution of the Fe3p spectra was found to be better than that of the Fe2p spectra [7]. Therefore, the intensities of the four components in the Fe3p spectra were used in the following analysis.…”

Section: Thermally Assisted Pe and Xpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transfer of electrons on scratched iron surfaces: Photoelectron emission and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies

et al. 2017

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Abstract:We report the activation energy, ΔE a , for the quantum yield in thermally assisted photoelectron emission (TAPE) under 210-nm-wavelength light irradiation, and the associated X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results. Samples were cleaned only in acetone and scratched in air, water, methanol, ethanol, acetone, benzene, and cyclohexane. Glow curves, describing the temperature dependence of photoelectron emission (PE) quantum yield (emitted electrons/photon), Y, were obtained. A simple method of determining ΔE a using Y, called Y GC , at seven temperatures up to 353 °C , for the same Y glow curve, was proposed. The ΔE a obtained using this method was almost the same as that obtained from Y for seven stationary temperatures (Y ST ). For scratched samples, the TAPE was measured over two cycles of temperature increase and subsequent decrease (Up1, Down1 and Up2, Down2 scans) in the 25-339 °C range, and ΔE a was obtained from Y GC . The Arrhenius plot was approximated by a straight line, although a convex swelling peak appeared in the Up1 scan. ΔE aUp1 was in the 0.212-0.035 eV range, depending on the environment in which scratching was performed; ΔE aUp1 for water was much higher than that for acetone. This was explained in terms of the mode of the acid-base interaction between the liquid molecules and the hydroxyl group of Fe-OH. The values of ΔE aDown1 , ΔE aUp2 , and ΔE aDown2 were in the 0.038-0.012 eV range. The total count of electrons emitted during the Up1 and Up2 scans was found to decrease with increasing ΔE aUp1 and ΔE aUp2 , respectively. ΔE aUp2 was found to increase with increasing presence of the FeO component in the analyzed Fe oxides. The convex swelling peak was attributed to the removal of carbon materials from the scratched surface and the effect of the increased electron density of the surface hydroxyl group of FeOH under the light irradiation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Thermally Assisted Pe and Xpsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Thermally Assisted Pe and Xpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Thermally Assisted Pe and Xpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transfer of electrons on scratched iron surfaces: Photoelectron emission and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies

et al. 2017

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Photoelectron emission characteristics of iron surfaces scratched in different environments: Dependence on photon energy irradiation methods

Momose

Sakurai

Nakayama³

2018

Surface & Interface Analysis

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The characteristics of photoelectron emission (PE) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of iron surfaces scratched in different environments were investigated. The scratching environments were air, water, and organic liquids. The PE quantum yields (emitted electrons/photon), Y FD and Y s , were obtained in 2 ways of irradiation of the surface with photon energies: during the light wavelength scan in the range of 300 to 200 nm at 25°C, 200°C, and 339°C and during temperature increase and subsequent decrease scans in the range of 25°C to 339°C under 210-nm-light irradiation,where αA is called the electron photoemission probability, A is identical to the Richardson constant, E p is the incident photon energy, and ϕ is the photothreshold, was applied to the wavelength scan data to obtain αA and ϕ. Additionally, the emission intensity at 210-nm wavelength (I 210 ) and the total number of emitted electrons (N T ) were obtained during the wavelength scan. Arrhenius activation energies obtained for αA, I 210 , and N T were ΔE αA = 0.113 to 0.074 eV, ΔE 210 = 0.085 to 0.054 eV, and ΔE NT = 0.088 to 0.053 eV, respectively. The ΔE 210 and ΔE NT increased with ΔE αA . The dependence of ΔE 210 , ΔE NT , and ΔE αA on the environments was completely different from that of ΔE aUp1 values for the Y s during the temperature increase scan (Up1 scan), which were previously reported to be in the 0.212-to 0.035-eV range. The PE characteristics were explained from the dependence on the O1s component ratio of Z O = O 2− /(OH − + O 2− ) and the acid-base interaction between the surface Fe −OH groups and the molecules of the liquid environments. KEYWORDS Arrhenius activation energy, electron photoemission probability, photoelectron emission, real iron surface, scratching environment, XPS 1 | INTRODUCTION Much attention has been given to studying electron transfer and electronic excitation in the overlayers of real metallic surfaces in more detail in the fields of tribology, lubrication, adhesion, and corrosion. However, little is known about the behavior of electron transfer in superficial layers owing to the difficulties associated with experimental measurements of such electrons. Photoelectron emission (PE) occurs when photons are absorbed by electrons, leading to the release of these photon-absorbing electrons from the surface. The theoretical basis of PE is well captured by Spicer's 3-step model, 1 which prescribes that the emission process occurs in 3 successive steps: (a) optical excitation, (b) transport of excited electrons to the surface, and (c) release of excited electrons into vacuum. Furthermore, this theory relates photoemission to the parameters of the emitter, such as the optical absorption coefficient, electron scattering mechanisms, and height of the potential barrier at the surface. 2 For real iron surfaces, however, little electron emission is observed at temperatures close to room temperature, even in response to irradiation by photons with an energy greater than the work function of the

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Intercalating Graphite‐Based Na‐Ion Battery Anodes with Integrated Magnetite

Karunarathna,

Ranasinghe Arachchige,

Karunarathne

et al. 2024

Small Science

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Graphite is known as the most successful anode material found for Li‐ion batteries. However, unfortunately, graphite delivers an ordinary capacity as anode material for the next‐generation Na‐ion batteries (SIBs) due to difficulties in intercalating larger Na+ ions in between the layers of graphene due to incompatible d‐spacing. The methodologies investigated in deriving suitable anode structures for SIBs are found to be either less effective, expensive, or rather too complex in most cases. Herein, a simple strategy is introduced to derive suitable anode materials for SIBs through a modified electrochemical exfoliation of graphite. The introduced exfoliation process is able to graft Fe3O4 (magnetite) on graphite allowing the structure to expand, supporting a swift intercalation and deintercalation of Na ions. The synthesized magnetite‐functionalized graphene nanoplatelets are identified as a well‐suited anode material for SIBs, with its efficient intercalation obtained through the expanded interlayer spacing of 3.9 Å and the surface redox pseudocapacitive activity attained through the surface‐grafted magnetite. The effectiveness of the synthesized is reflected in the obtained high discharge capacitance of 420 mAh g−1, with 96% capacitive retention over 1000 cycles. The study opens new opportunities for prospective low‐cost anode materials for energy storage applications.

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Photoelectron emission and XPS studies of real iron surfaces subjected to scratching in air, water, and organic liquids

Cited by 17 publications

References 18 publications

Transfer of electrons on scratched iron surfaces: Photoelectron emission and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies

Transfer of electrons on scratched iron surfaces: Photoelectron emission and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies

Photoelectron emission characteristics of iron surfaces scratched in different environments: Dependence on photon energy irradiation methods

Intercalating Graphite‐Based Na‐Ion Battery Anodes with Integrated Magnetite

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