“…Blanchard and Baer, [16] as well as Gopinath et al [21] had measured the photoemission core levels of natural calcite. Significant alteration in binding energies were observed between the results of this and other studies, which is probably due to different methods used for charge correction, namely referencing to C 1s of carbon contamination, [21,22] C 1s in CO 3 carbon, [16] Au 4f 7/2 , [18,23] or Ca 2p 3/2 , which was used in this work. For all samples used in this study, the C 1s core level of calcium carbonate appeared at 289.0 AE 0.1 eV, i.e.…”