Photoemission study of onionlike carbons produced by annealing nanodiamonds

Butenko, Yu. V.; Krishnamurthy, S.; Chakraborty, A.K.; Кузнецов, Владимир Л.; Dhanak, V.R.; Hunt, Michael; Šiller, Lidija

doi:10.1103/physrevb.71.075420

Cited by 155 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 68 publications

(127 reference statements)

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“…3. Suppression of plasmon losses [19] and broadening of the C1s core level with respect to 'pristine' nano-carbons [20] has been observed in carbon nanotubes damaged by energetic particle irradiation and in nanodiamonds partially graphitized by annealing at 1420 K [11]. The absence of the π plasmon loss in our data may be associated with either a high defect density due to incomplete graphitization or a degradation of p orbital overlap compared with planar graphite layers due to high curvature of the OLC walls, both of which are compatible with the HRTEM measurements described above.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A typical AFM topographic image is shown in When produced directly by annealing ultra-dispersed nanodiamond, OLC samples show a clear π plasmon loss in the C1s core-level photoelectron spectra 6 [11,18], which is notably absent in the spectra shown in Fig. 3.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Close examination of the walls of the OLC particles shows them to be rather discontinuous and rough, which is indicative of a substantial concentration of defects. Previous studies, which examined nanodiamonds annealed under vacuum (without evaporation) for periods of 1 hour [11] showed that for annealing temperatures of 1100 -1600 K (similar to the evaporator temperatures used in this work) spiral multishell carbon particles are observed with bonding intermediate between sp 2 and sp 3 . These shells surround a residual nano-diamond core, forming a 'buckydiamond'.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nanodiamond (ND) powders were produced through explosion of a 50:50 TNT/RDX (trotyl/cyclotrimethylene-trinitramine) mixture in a hermetic tank and isolated from the detonation soot by oxidative treatment with a mixture of HClO 4 and H 2 SO 4 [9][10][11]. According to small angle X-ray scattering and HRTEM studies, the size of ND particles varied from 2-20 nm, with an average size of 4.7 nm [9,11]. Nanodiamond powders were heated for 20 mins in a home-made tantalum electron beam evaporator to temperatures between 1400 and 1700K and the evaporated material collected on a substrate (see below) held at room temperature in line-of-sight of the evaporator.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Carbon onion synthesis can be broadly grouped into two methods: (A) temperature or irradiation induced transformation of other forms of carbon (such as carbon soot [8] or ultra-dispersed diamond [9,10,11]) into concentric spherical cages, and (B) those involving continuous segregation of carbon from matrices in which there is low solubility (for example, through carbon ion implantation into Ag and Cu for host matrices [12]). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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In situ formation of onion-like carbon from the evaporation of ultra-dispersed nanodiamonds

Krishnamurthy

Butenko

Dhanak

et al. 2013

Carbon

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Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-pro t purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. AbstractWe report the in-situ formation of onion-like carbon (OLC) by evaporation from a nanodiamond source under ultra-high vacuum conditions. The OLC is characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and is found to be highly defective but completely separated. The absence of any signature in XPS, Raman spectra and TEM associated with nanodiamond in the film suggests that the OLC is formed from carbon vapor or by the direct evaporation of only the smallest particles resulting from nanodiamond graphitization. The method thus provides a route to the formation of individually separated OLC nanoparticles.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

In situ formation of onion-like carbon from the evaporation of ultra-dispersed nanodiamonds

Krishnamurthy

Butenko

Dhanak

et al. 2013

Carbon

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Thermoelectric Paper: Graphite Pencil Traces on Paper to Fabricate a Thermoelectric Generator

Mulla

Jones

Dunnill

2020

Adv Materials Technologies

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Paper‐based thermoelectric generators are a promising and economical alternative to expensive organic conductors that are normally preferred for flexible generators. In the present work, graphite pencil traces on regular Xerox paper are successfully employed to constitute a thermoelectric generator. In conjunction with polyethylenimine polymer, the graphite traces act as both the p‐type and n‐type thermoelectric “legs,” of a graphite‐based thermoelectric generator. The fabrication method is facile and requires no conducting paste or silver paste to connect individual thermoelectric legs. A test module containing five pairs of p‐n legs is fabricated on paper to test its performance. The device produces a thermoelectric voltage of 9.2 mV, generating an output power of 1.75 nW at a temperature difference of ≈60 K. The present work demonstrates that ordinary pencil on paper may be used as the foundation for a cheap, flexible, easily disposable, and environmentally friendly thermoelectric generator.

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Investigation and Band Gap Analysis of Pulsed Dc Magnetron Sputtered Diamond‐Like Carbon to Enhance Contact‐Electrification and Durability of Triboelectric Nanogenerators

Ejaz

McKinlay

Ahmadzadeh

et al. 2023

Adv Materials Technologies

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This work details the triboelectric characteristics of diamond‐like carbon (DLC) film where a proportioned sp3:sp2 bond ratio is engineered through a patented pulsed DC magnetron sputtering process to achieve a durable commercial energy harvesting material. A triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is fabricated by creating the triboelectric interface between DLC and PTFE. The presence and synchronization of σ – σ and σ – π bonds between DLC‐PFTE contact surface amplify the electronic cloud overlap between their atoms leading to an enhancement of the triboelectric surface charge density. The inherent hardness and reduced friction achieved through DLC and PTFE respectively prevent the mass transfer, and consequent power loss upon consecutive mechanical contact and achieves a stable electric power output of 141 mW m−2. The DLC durability achieved with PTFE in TENG demonstrates its significant potential as low frequency (1 – 10 Hz) energy harvesting devices and self‐/low‐power electronic devices and sensors. The paper uniquely contributes to a better understanding of the triboelectrification mechanism by insightfully detailing the band‐to‐band transition of electrons between the PTFE and DLC tribo‐interface, as well as discussing gap and frequency limitation of the tribo‐pair on the triboelectric charge yield, storage, transfer, and on the friction layer electric field.

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Photoemission study of onionlike carbons produced by annealing nanodiamonds

Cited by 155 publications

References 68 publications

In situ formation of onion-like carbon from the evaporation of ultra-dispersed nanodiamonds

In situ formation of onion-like carbon from the evaporation of ultra-dispersed nanodiamonds

Thermoelectric Paper: Graphite Pencil Traces on Paper to Fabricate a Thermoelectric Generator

Investigation and Band Gap Analysis of Pulsed Dc Magnetron Sputtered Diamond‐Like Carbon to Enhance Contact‐Electrification and Durability of Triboelectric Nanogenerators

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